The Macronutrients in Human Milk Change after Storage in Various Containers

Chang, Yu Chuan; Chen, Chao-Huei; Lin, Ming-Chih

doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.04.009

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Fat is known to be the most variable macronutrient in human milk. It has been reported that fat content varies depending on maternal diet [14], morning/night [16], hind-or fore-milk [19] and storage conditions [6]. In our study median fat concentrations in HM were 3.5 g/100.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

Correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status

Bzikowska¹,

Czerwonogrodzka–Senczyna²,

Weker³

et al. 2018

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig

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Background: Human milk is the optimal nutrition for newborns and infants during the first period of their life -from birth to 6-th month. It contains a uniquely quantitative and qualitative balanced nutrients profile. Composition of breast milk is dynamic and may vary according to maternal nutritional status. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status. Material and methods: One-day milk samples were provided by exclusively breastfeeding mothers (n=40) at the first month of lactation. Protein -total and true, fat, carbohydrate, dry matter and energy content were determined using the Human Milk Analyzer by MIRIS. The anthropometric measurements (current body weight, height) were used to calculate current body mass index (BMI). On this basis, we assessed nutritional status of examined population. Results: For the majority of women (75%, n=30) currently BMI value was in range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 , for the rest of women it was ≥ 25 kg/m 2 . The median macronutrient composition per 100 ml of mature breast milk was 7.0 g for carbohydrate, 1.1 g for protein, 3.5 g for fat, 11.9 for dry matter and energy content was 66.0 kcal. Maternal body mass index was positively related to lipid, dry matter and energy breast milk content (p<0.05). Conclusions:The majority of examined women in the first month of lactation was in normal state of nutrition. For the rest of women BMI values indicated for overweight. Our results confirm correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status, especially in matters of energy value and fat content in human milk. STRESZCZENIEWprowadzenie: Mleko kobiece jest jedynym optymalnym pokarmem dla noworodków i niemowląt od chwili urodzenia do ukończenia 6 miesiąca życia. Unikalność pokarmu kobiecego wynika z idealnie dobranej ilościowo i jakościowo kompozycji składników. Skład mleka kobiecego jest dynamiczny i może się różnić w zależności od stanu odżywienia kobiety karmiącej. Cel: Celem badania była analiza zależności między składem mleka kobiecego a stanem odżywienia kobiety karmiącej piersią. Materiał i metody: Próbki mleka pochodzące z dobowej zbiórki mleka zostały dostarczone przez 40 zdrowych kobiet karmiących dzieci wyłącznie. Badanie prowadzono w pierwszym miesiącu laktacji. W otrzymanym materiale oznaczono zawartość białka całkowitego i białka odżywczego, tłuszczu, węglowodanów, suchej masy oraz wartość energetyczną, używając analizatora składu mleka (HMA MIRIS). Aktualny wskaźnik masy ciała BMI badanej populacji został wyliczony na podstawie dokonanych pomiarów antropometrycznych (masa i wysokość ciała). Na tej podstawie oceniono stan odżywienia matek karmiących piersią uczestniczących w badaniu. Wyniki: Dla 30 kobiet (75%) BMI mieściło się w zakresie 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 , dla pozostałych (25%) przekraczało 25.0 kg/ m 2 . Mediana zawartości makroskładników w mleku kobiecym wynosiła dla białka -1.1 g/100 ml, dla węglowodanów 7.0 g/100 ml, dla tłuszczu 3.5 g/100 ml, dla suchej masy 11.9 g/100 m...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

Correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status

Bzikowska¹,

Czerwonogrodzka–Senczyna²,

Weker³

et al. 2018

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig

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“…HM expression and expressed‐HM feeding are of public health importance because, depending on the location and duration of storage, expressed HM loses important nutritional (Chang et al . ; Romeu‐Nadal et al . ) and functional (Hanna et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HM expression and expressed-HM feeding are of public health importance because, depending on the location and duration of storage, expressed HM loses important nutritional (Chang et al 2012;Romeu-Nadal et al 2008) and functional (Hanna et al 2004;Silvestre et al 2006) components. Short-term storage of HM reduces the concentration of vitamin C (Garza et al 1982), with increased duration of storage in the freezer causing a more marked decrease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk expression as a sole or ancillary strategy for infant feeding: a qualitative study

O’Sullivan

Geraghty

Rasmussen

2016

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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In the United States, a significant proportion of human milk (HM) is now fed to infants from bottles. This mode of infant feeding is rarely measured or described in research studies or monitored by national surveillance systems. Consequently, little is known about expressed-HM feeding as an infant feeding strategy. Our objective was to understand how mothers use HM expression and expressed-HM feeding as a sole strategy or in combination with at-the-breast feeding to feed HM to their infants. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 41 mothers with experience of HM expression and infants under three years of age. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach for sub-themes related to the pre-selected major themes of maternal HM production and infant HM consumption. Within the major theme of maternal HM production, sub-themes related to maternal over-production of HM. Many mothers produced more HM than their infant was consuming and stored it in the freezer. This enabled some infants to consume HM weeks or months after it was expressed. Within the major theme of infant HM consumption, the most salient sub-theme related to HM-feeding strategies. Four basic HM-feeding strategies emerged, ranging from predominant at-the-breast feeding to exclusive expressed-HM feeding. The HM-feeding strategies and trajectories highlighted by this study are complex, and most mothers fed HM both at-the-breast and from a bottle-information that is not collected by the current national breastfeeding survey questions. To understand health outcomes associated with expressed-HM feeding, new terminology may be needed.

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“…For example, carbonyl groups (5.7 µm) and carbon hydrogen groups (3.5 µm) were chosen for fat determination, amide groups (6.5 µm) for protein determination and hydroxyl groups (9.6 µm) for lactose determination (Sjaunja, ; Biggs et al , ; Biggs and Mckenna, ). The results of the analysis are available within approximately 1 min after a milk sample is injected (Chang et al, ). These instruments were calibrated with known protein, fat and lactose concentration milk measured by chemical methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of macronutrient contents in human milk measured using mid‐infrared human milk analyser in a field study vs. chemical reference methods

Zhu

Yang

Ren

et al. 2016

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Macronutrient contents in human milk are the common basis for estimating these nutrient requirements for both infants and lactating women. A mid-infrared human milk analyser (HMA, Miris, Sweden) was recently developed for determining macronutrient levels. The purpose of the study is to compare the accuracy and precision of HMA method with fresh milk samples in the field studies with chemical methods with frozen samples in the lab. Full breast milk was collected using electric pumps and fresh milk was analyzed in the field studies using HMA. All human milk samples were thawed and analyzed with chemical reference methods in the lab. The protein, fat and total solid levels were significantly correlated between the two methods and the correlation coefficient was 0.88, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean protein content was significantly lower and the mean fat level was significantly greater when measured using HMA method (1.0 g 100 mL vs 1.2 g 100 mL and 3. 7 g 100 mL vs 3.2 g 100 mL , respectively, p < 0.001). Thus, linear recalibration could be used to improve mean estimation for both protein and fat. There was no significant correlation for lactose between the two methods (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean total solid concentration (12.2 g 100 mL vs 12.3 g 100 mL , p > 0.05). Overall, HMA might be used to analyze macronutrients in fresh human milk with acceptable accuracy and precision after recalibrating fat and protein levels of field samples.

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The Macronutrients in Human Milk Change after Storage in Various Containers

Cited by 65 publications

References 28 publications

Correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status

Correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status

Human milk expression as a sole or ancillary strategy for infant feeding: a qualitative study

Comparison of macronutrient contents in human milk measured using mid‐infrared human milk analyser in a field study vs. chemical reference methods

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