The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview

Arunkumar, Ranganathan; Gorusupudi, Aruna; Bernstein, Paul S.

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617

Cited by 93 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…These compounds are obtained only through dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Selective uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin in the MP of the retina is mediated by StARD3 and GSTP1 binding proteins, respectively [ 186 ]. The MP carotenoids filter high-intensity, short-wavelength visible light and serve as powerful antioxidants in a region being highly vulnerable to light-induced oxidative stress [ 186 ].…”

Section: Lutein Resveratrol and Vaccinium Myrtillus mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selective uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin in the MP of the retina is mediated by StARD3 and GSTP1 binding proteins, respectively [ 186 ]. The MP carotenoids filter high-intensity, short-wavelength visible light and serve as powerful antioxidants in a region being highly vulnerable to light-induced oxidative stress [ 186 ]. As reported by several clinical studies, the dietary intake of lutein/zeaxanthin is associated with a reduced risk of developing advanced AMD (either the atrophic or exudative type) [ 47 , 187 , 188 ].…”

Section: Lutein Resveratrol and Vaccinium Myrtillus mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals

Pinelli

Biagioni

Limanaqi

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Which pathogenic mechanisms underlie age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? Are they different for dry and wet variants, or do they stem from common metabolic alterations? Where shall we look for altered metabolism? Is it the inner choroid, or is it rather the choroid–retinal border? Again, since cell-clearing pathways are crucial to degrade altered proteins, which metabolic system is likely to be the most implicated, and in which cell type? Here we describe the unique clearing activity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the relevant role of its autophagy machinery in removing altered debris, thus centering the RPE in the pathogenesis of AMD. The cell-clearing systems within the RPE may act as a kernel to regulate the redox homeostasis and the traffic of multiple proteins and organelles toward either the choroid border or the outer segments of photoreceptors. This is expected to cope with the polarity of various domains within RPE cells, with each one owning a specific metabolic activity. A defective clearance machinery may trigger unconventional solutions to avoid intracellular substrates’ accumulation through unconventional secretions. These components may be deposited between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane, thus generating the drusen, which remains the classic hallmark of AMD. These deposits may rather represent a witness of an abnormal RPE metabolism than a real pathogenic component. The empowerment of cell clearance, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity of the RPE by specific phytochemicals is here discussed.

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Section: Lutein Resveratrol and Vaccinium Myrtillus mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lutein Resveratrol and Vaccinium Myrtillus mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals

Pinelli

Biagioni

Limanaqi

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Lutein and zeaxanthin are included in the micronutrient supplements recommended by AREDS2 [4]. MP can protect the retina from daily light stress [4,13] by absorbing high-energy short-wavelength light [14] (450-500 nm, with peak absorption at 460 nm) [15] and acting as an antioxidant in the retina [16]; it reduces reactive oxygen species both by scavenging them and inducing antioxidative enzymes, and it also suppresses inflammatory mediators in the retina [17][18][19][20][21][22]. MPOD levels are low when dietary intake and serum levels of lutein are low; in such cases, the preventive effects of additional lutein administration via micronutrient supplementation on AMD progression have been clearly observed [4,17,[23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macular Pigment Optical Density and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length as Predisease Biomarkers for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Nagai

Minami

Suzuki

et al. 2020

JCM

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To explore predisease biomarkers, which may help screen for the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at very early stages, macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length were analyzed. Thirty late AMD fellow eyes, which are at high risk and represent the predisease condition of AMD, were evaluated and compared with 30 age-matched control eyes without retinal diseases; there was no early AMD involvement in the AMD fellow eyes. MPOD was measured using MPS2® (M.E. Technica Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and PROS length was measured based on optical coherence tomography images. MPOD levels and PROS length in the AMD fellow eyes were significantly lower and shorter, respectively, than in control eyes. MPOD and PROS length were positively correlated in control eyes (R = 0.386; p = 0.035) but not in AMD fellow eyes. Twenty (67%) AMD fellow eyes met the criteria of MPOD < 0.65 and/or PROS length < 35 μm, while only five (17%) control eyes did. After adjusting for age and sex, AMD fellow eyes more frequently satisfied the definition (p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 3.50–60.4; odds ratio, 14.6). The combination of MPOD and PROS length may be a useful biomarker for screening predisease AMD patients, although further studies are required in this regard.

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“…The biochemistry and metabolism of lutein have been reviewed in detail recently [ 28 ]. Briefly, lutein is a carotenoid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutein Supplementation for Eye Diseases

Lee

Leung

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Lutein is one of the few xanthophyll carotenoids that is found in high concentration in the macula of human retina. As de novo synthesis of lutein within the human body is impossible, lutein can only be obtained from diet. It is a natural substance abundant in egg yolk and dark green leafy vegetables. Many basic and clinical studies have reported lutein’s anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in the eye, suggesting its beneficial effects on protection and alleviation of ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, myopia, and cataract. Most importantly, lutein is categorized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS), posing minimal side-effects upon long term consumption. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and properties of lutein as well as its application and safety as a nutritional supplement. Finally, the effects of lutein consumption on the aforementioned eye diseases will be reviewed.

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The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview

Cited by 93 publications

References 91 publications

A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals

A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals

Macular Pigment Optical Density and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length as Predisease Biomarkers for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Lutein Supplementation for Eye Diseases

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