The magnitude of the hypoxic ventilatory response and ventilatory long‐term facilitation is reduced during sleep when compared to wakefulness

Syed, Ziauddin; Gerst, David G.; Yokhana, Sanar S.; Sandhu, Kulraj S.; Lin, Ho‐Sheng; Mateika, Jason H.

doi:10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1111.8

FASEB j.

2011

DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1111.8

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The magnitude of the hypoxic ventilatory response and ventilatory long‐term facilitation is reduced during sleep when compared to wakefulness

Ziauddin Syed

David G. Gerst

Sanar S. Yokhana

et al.

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Experimental protocols and preparations to study respiratory long term facilitation

Mateika

Sandhu

2011

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Respiratory long-term facilitation is a form of neuronal plasticity that is induced following exposure to intermittent hypoxia. Long-term facilitation is characterized by a progressive increase in respiratory motor output during normoxic periods that separate hypoxic episodes and by a sustained elevation in respiratory activity for up to 90 min after exposure to intermittent hypoxia. This phenomenon is associated with increases in phrenic, hypoglossal or carotid sinus nerve inspiratory-modulated discharge. The examination of long-term facilitation has been steadily ongoing for approximately 3 decades. During this period of time a variety of animal models (e.g. cats, rats and humans), experimental preparations and intermittent hypoxia protocols have been used to study long-term facilitation. This review is designed to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the models, preparations and protocols that have been used to study LTF over the past 30 years. The review is divided into two primary sections. Initially, the models and protocols used to study LTF in animals other than humans will be discussed, followed by a section specifically focused on human studies. Each section will begin with a discussion of various factors that must be considered when selecting an experimental preparation and intermittent hypoxia protocol to examine LTF. Model and protocol design recommendations will follow, with the goal of presenting a prevailing model and protocol that will ultimately ensure standardized comparisons across studies.

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Experimental protocols and preparations to study respiratory long term facilitation

Mateika

Sandhu

2011

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Impact of repeated daily exposure to intermittent hypoxia and mild sustained hypercapnia on apnea severity

Yokhana

Gerst

Lee

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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We examined whether exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during wakefulness impacted on the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) during sleep in individuals with sleep apnea. Participants were exposed to twelve 4-min episodes of hypoxia in the presence of sustained mild hypercapnia each day for 10 days. A control group was exposed to sustained mild hypercapnia for a similar duration. The intermittent hypoxia protocol was completed in the evening on day 1 and 10 and was followed by a sleep study. During all sleep studies, the change in esophageal pressure (ΔPes) from the beginning to the end of an apnea and the tidal volume immediately following apneic events were used to measure respiratory drive. Following exposure to IH on day 1 and 10, the AHI increased above baseline measures (day 1: 1.95 ± 0.42 fraction of baseline, P ≤ 0.01, vs. day 10: 1.53 ± 0.24 fraction of baseline, P < 0.06). The indexes were correlated to the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) measured during the IH protocol but were not correlated to the magnitude of ventilatory long-term facilitation (vLTF). Likewise, ΔPes and tidal volume measures were greater on day 1 and 10 compared with baseline (ΔPes: -8.37 ± 0.84 vs. -5.90 ± 1.30 cmH(2)0, P ≤ 0.04; tidal volume: 1,193.36 ± 101.85 vs. 1,015.14 ± 119.83 ml, P ≤ 0.01). This was not the case in the control group. Interestingly, the AHI on day 10 (0.78 ± 0.13 fraction of baseline, P ≤ 0.01) was significantly less than measures obtained during baseline and day 1 in the mild hypercapnia control group. We conclude that enhancement of the HVR initiated by exposure to IH may lead to increases in the AHI during sleep and that initiation of vLTF did not appear to impact on breathing stability. Lastly, our results suggest that repeated daily exposure to mild sustained hypercapnia may lead to a decrease in breathing events.

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The magnitude of the hypoxic ventilatory response and ventilatory long‐term facilitation is reduced during sleep when compared to wakefulness

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental protocols and preparations to study respiratory long term facilitation

Experimental protocols and preparations to study respiratory long term facilitation

Impact of repeated daily exposure to intermittent hypoxia and mild sustained hypercapnia on apnea severity

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