The Main Anthocyanin Monomer from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Fruit Mediates Obesity via Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Improving the Intestinal Barrier

Abstract

Anthocyanins have been shown to exert certain antiobesity properties, but the specific relationship between anthocyanin-induced beneficial effects and the gut microbiota remains unclear. Petunidin-3-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-5-O-(β-D-glucopyranoside) (P3G) is the main anthocyanin monomer from the fruit of Lycium ruthenicum Murray. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the antiobesity and remodeling effects of P3G on gut microbiota through a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model and a fecal microbiota transplantation experiment. P3G was found to reduce body weight gain, fat accumulation, and liver steatosis in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, supplementation with P3G alleviated the HFD-induced imbalance in gut microbiota composition, and transferring the P3G-regulated gut microbiota to recipient mice provided comparable protection against obesity. This is the first time evidence is provided that P3G has an antiobesity effect by changing the intestinal microbiota. Our present data highlight a link between P3G intervention and enhancement in gut barrier integrity. This may be a promising option for obesity prevention.

Eucommia Bark/Leaf Extract Improves Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Affecting Intestinal Microbiota and Microbiome–Host Interaction in HFD Mice

“…It is believed that the production of butyric acid is mainly contributed by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae , among which Ruminococcaceae is a mucin-degrading bacterium that can ferment carbohydrates to produce butyrates . In the present study, we found that the interventions with CGA, EBE, and ELE significantly increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae in mice, which is consistent with their n -butyric acid content and the results of the SCFA receptor gene assay and is in line with the findings of previous studies. , Therefore, the presence of EBE and ELE in the gut microbiome can stimulate butyric acid production, alleviate lipid metabolism disorders, and promote lipid breakdown in adipocytes by increasing the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae . The gut microbiome can have a direct impact on gene expression in the body, and approximately 99% of the genes detected in human organs are of microbial origin. , Therefore, the mechanisms through which Desulfovibrionaceae , Erysipelotrichaceae , and Ruminococcaceae act may be linked to changes at the molecular and genetic levels.…”

“…50 The study by Liu et al demonstrated that the weight loss effect of the monomer compound P3G in anthocyanins was related to its regulatory effect on Erysipelotrichaceae, resulting in a reduction in the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae in mice fed an HFD. 44 Similarly, another study by Wang et al showed that CGA intervention alleviated HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders by significantly reducing the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae. 55 In addition, the study by Zietak et al also showed that a decrease in the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae was positively correlated with leanness.…”

“…It has also been found to be inversely associated with the expression of inflammatory factors . The study by Liu et al demonstrated that the weight loss effect of the monomer compound P3G in anthocyanins was related to its regulatory effect on Erysipelotrichaceae , resulting in a reduction in the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae in mice fed an HFD . Similarly, another study by Wang et al showed that CGA intervention alleviated HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders by significantly reducing the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae .…”

Preventive Effects of Anthocyanins from Lyciumruthenicum Murray in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Are Related to the Regulation of Intestinal Microbiota and Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase Activity

“…3- O -[6- O -(4- O -(trans-p-coumaroyl)-a- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-b- d -glucopyranoside]-5- O - [b- d -glucopyranoside] ( Figure S1 ) is considered to be the main component of anthocyanin from the fruits of L. ruthenicum [ 13 , 14 ]. It has been reported that anthocyanins from the fruits of L. ruthenicum (ACN) possess a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can change the gut microbiota and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as obesity [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. However, the role of ACN in the prevention of obesity is still not fully understood.…”

Long-Term Dietary Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Anthocyanins Intake Alleviated Oxidative Stress-Mediated Aging-Related Liver Injury and Abnormal Amino Acid Metabolism

“…The representative bioactive ingredients in the fruit of LR are anthocyanins [ 6 ]. The health benefits of LR anthocyanins (LRA) have been extensively studied, such as their antioxidant [ 7 ], anti-inflammatory [ 8 ], anti-gouty arthritis [ 9 ], liver-protection [ 10 ], hypoglycemic [ 11 ], anti-obesity [ 12 ], and gut microbiota modulation [ 13 , 14 ] benefits. In addition, our previous work showed that LRA could relieve aging-related memory impairment and hippocampal damage in a D-galactose (DG)-induced accelerated aging rat model [ 15 , 16 ].…”