The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus

Zajac, J; Shrestha, Anil; Patel, Parini; Poretsky, Leonid

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09841-8_1

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This was based on a blue colour change that occurred after a drop of blood was applied for a minute and then wiped off. The colour change was compared with a colour chart to estimate blood glucose levels 3. It was based on the glucose oxidase–peroxidase reaction and the first layer of the strip was semipermeable, which prevented the egress of red blood cells.…”

Section: Poc Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He discovered that the substance in urine was sugar after evaporating a number of urine samples to dryness and noticing a white residue remaining behind that smelled like brown sugar; it could not be distinguished by taste from sugar and fermented when yeast was added. In 1838, George Rees, a physician, isolated sugar from the blood serum of a diabetic patient 3 – 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement

et al. 2015

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This is the second in the series of historical articles dealing with developments in clinical pathology. As one of the most commonly measured analytes in pathology, the assessment of glucose dates back to the time of the ancient Egyptians. It was only in the 19th century that advances in chemistry led to the identification of the sugar in urine being glucose. The following century witnessed the development of more chemical and enzymatic methods which became incorporated into the modern analysers and point-of-care instruments which are as ubiquitous as the modern day cellphones. Tracking the milestones in these developments shows the striking paradigms and the many parallels in the development of other clinical chemistry methods.

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Section: Poc Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement

et al. 2015

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“…He taught us that sweet‐tasting urine could be found in patients with diabetes mellitus. We learned that tasting the urine for sweetness to make the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus first was recorded in ancient Egypt more than 3000 years ago, that Apollonius of Memphis (around 230 BC ) coined the name “diabetes,” and that later Aretaeus of Cappadocia ( ad 81‐133) was the first to distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The paris system: A valuable new approach, but there is more to find in urine than high‐grade urothelial carcinoma

Knight¹

2018

Cancer Cytopathology

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“…Individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) no longer produce insulin and, therefore, these individuals must inject insulin to regulate their blood glucose concentration. Although diabetes mellitus has been diagnosed for over 3000 years (Zajac et al, 2010) no medical treatment was possible until the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921, and the first injection of insulin into a human patient in 1922 (see Hirsch, 2004, for a concise history of insulin).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and recent progress in the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas

Bequette

2012

Annual Reviews in Control

161

101

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Pursuit of a closed-loop artificial pancreas that automatically controls the blood glucose of individuals with type 1 diabetes has intensified during the past six years. Here we discuss the recent progress and challenges in the major steps towards a closed-loop system. Continuous insulin infusion pumps have been widely available for over two decades, but “smart pump” technology has made the devices easier to use and more powerful. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has improved and the devices are more widely available. A number of approaches are currently under study for fully closed-loop systems; most manipulate only insulin, while others manipulate insulin and glucagon. Algorithms include on-off (for prevention of overnight hypoglycemia), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), model predictive control (MPC) and fuzzy logic based learning control. Meals cause a major “disturbance” to blood glucose, and we discuss techniques that our group has developed to predict when a meal is likely to be consumed and its effect. We further examine both physiology and device-related challenges, including insulin infusion set failure and sensor signal attenuation. Finally, we discuss the next steps required to make a closed-loop artificial pancreas a commercial reality.

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The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement

Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement

The paris system: A valuable new approach, but there is more to find in urine than high‐grade urothelial carcinoma

Challenges and recent progress in the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas

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