The major component of cinnamon oil as a natural substitute against Fusarium solani on Astragalus membranaceus

Abstract

Aims: Root rot caused by Fusarium solani is an important disease seriously affecting the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the antifungal activities and mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde treatment against F. solani and its control effect for A. membranaceus root rot. Methods and Results: Cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani in dose-dependent, and the median effective concentration was 178.68 μl l −1 . Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide staining, cell leakage experiments and ergosterol quantitation illuminated that cinnamaldehyde could alter the mycelial morphology, damage the plasma membrane and hinder the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Besides, cinnamaldehyde induced the generation of reactive oxygen species by synergistically upregulating the genes encoded subunits for NADPH oxidase. The disease suppression efficacy of 600 μl l −1 cinnamaldehyde against A. membranaceus root rot was 92.98 ± 6.08% (p < 0.05) under greenhouse conditions. Conclusions: This study proved that cinnamaldehyde could markedly inhibit the growth of F. solani in vitro and effectively suppress the occurrence of A. membranaceus root rot, perhaps by inducing oxidative damage, which results in the distortion of F. solani, and the destruction of cell membrane integrity and permeability. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study first explores the antifungal mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde against F. solani in vivo and vitro, thereby providing a promising candidate for disease biocontrol.

Cinnamon extract and sodium hypochlorite in the in vitro control ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersiciandAlternaria alternatafrom tomato

“…Similar results were also observed for the mechanism of action of cinnamon oil, containing 92.4% of cinnamaldehyde, against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in which cinnamon oil in effective concentrations (2.0 and 4.0 mg ml −1 ) affects cell membrane integrity, permeability and structures, and also irregular cell metabolic activity (Zhang et al, 2016). Wang et al (2022) also studied the fungicide effect of cinnamon oil and its major component, the cinnamaldehyde, and showed that cinnamaldehyde was effective to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of Fusarium solani at a concentration of 178.68 μl L −1 .…”

“…Cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon oil, had strong effects in Fusarium solani and cause changes of the mycelial morphology, plasma membrane damages and blocked the biosynthesis of ergosterol (Wang et al, 2022). Similar results were also observed for the mechanism of action of cinnamon oil, containing 92.4% of cinnamaldehyde, against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , in which cinnamon oil in effective concentrations (2.0 and 4.0 mg ml −1 ) affects cell membrane integrity, permeability and structures, and also irregular cell metabolic activity (Zhang et al, 2016).…”

“…Wang et al (2022) also studied the fungicide effect of cinnamon oil and its major component, the cinnamaldehyde, and showed that cinnamaldehyde was effective to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of Fusarium solani at a concentration of 178.68 μl L −1 . The results of actual study also indicate a mechanism of control provided by the aqueous cinnamon extract at 5% concentration, by decreasing the conidia number of both Fusarium strains and Alternaria alternata (Table 1).…”

Cinnamaldehyde Inhibits Postharvest Gray Mold on Pepper Fruits via Inhibiting Fungal Growth and Triggering Fruit Defense

“…Nox (NADPH oxidase) is an important enzyme generating ROS in eukaryotes [ 45 ]. Nox-produced ROS contributes to the cell leakage in fungi [ 46 ]. Besides damaging the cell membrane, ROS can act on mitochondrial proteins to induce fungal death [ 47 ].…”

Control of Ceratocystis paradoxa causing point-end rot disease on salak fruit with clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) oil vapour in vitro

“…Park [21] explained the antifungal activity of eugenol compounds from clove oil against Trichophyton mentagrophytes showed that eugenol compounds cause abnormal mitochondrial structure, partial damage to the mitochondrial core membrane and complete damage to the hyphal cell wall. Meanwhile, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil could alter the mycelial morphology, damage the plasma membrane and hinder the biosynthesis of ergosterol of A. membranaceus [22]. Scanning electron microscopy results on Fusarium verticillioid showed that cinnamaldehyde damaged cytoplasmic contents, cell wall integrity and rigidity and destroyed mitochondria and cell folding [23].…”