The Making of African America: The Four Great Migrations

Schermerhorn, Calvin

doi:10.1215/15476715-1599594

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Black residential segregation in the United States has a long history. During reconstruction, in the wake of the Civil War, many Black Americans migrated to urban areas, fleeing violence in the South and searching for steady work 16 . They were often partitioned into certain areas of the city, cut off from the more affluent and White communities.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…During reconstruction, in the wake of the Civil War, many Black Americans migrated to urban areas, fleeing violence in the South and searching for steady work. 16 They were often partitioned into certain areas of the city, cut off from the more affluent and White communities. This segregation and built structural racism was solidified in the 1930s during the New Deal era, when the Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) was formed to rescue the housing market from collapse.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Racial Residential Segregation on Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Treatment

et al. 2020

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Objective: We sought to examine the impact of racial residential segregation on Black-White disparities in colorectal cancer diagnosis, surgical resection, and cancer-specific survival. Summary Background Data: There are clear Black-White disparities in colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment with equally disparate explanations for these findings, including genetics, socioeconomic factors, and health behaviors. Methods: Data on Black and White patients with colorectal cancer were obtained from SEER between 2005 and 2015. The exposure of interest was the index of dissimilarity (IoD), a validated measure of segregation derived from 2010 Census data. Outcomes included advanced stage at diagnosis (AJCC stage IV), resection of localized disease (AJCC stage I-II), and cancer-specific survival. We used Poisson regression with robust error variance for the outcomes of interest and Cox proportional hazards were used to assess cancer-specific 5-year survival. Results: Black patients had a 41% increased risk of presenting at advanced stage per IoD [risk ratio (RR) 1.41, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.18, 1.69] and White patients saw a 17% increase (RR 1.17, 95%CI 1.04, 1.31). Black patients were 5% less likely to undergo surgical resection (RR 0.95, 95%CI 0.90, 0.99), whereas Whites were 5% more likely (RR 1.05, 95%CI 1.03, 1.07). Black patients had 43% increased hazards of cancer-specific mortality with increasing IoD (hazard ratio (HR) 1.43, 95%CI 1.17, 1.74). Conclusions: Black patients with colorectal cancer living in more segregated counties are significantly more likely to present at advanced stage and have worse cancer-specific survival. Enduring structural racism in the form of residential segregation has strong impacts on the colorectal cancer outcomes.

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confidence: 99%

The Impact of Racial Residential Segregation on Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Treatment

et al. 2020

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“…Numerous enslaved-African populations from Western, Central, and South-Western Central Africa were forcibly deported during the TAST to both Cabo Verde and the Americas, as shown by historical demographic records (1,25). There is still extensive debate about whether enslaved-Africans remained or more briefly transited in Cabo Verde during the most intense period of the TAST, in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, when the archipelago served as a slave-trade platform between continents (25,78,79); the question of the duration of stay of enslaved individuals at a given location being also of major interest throughout the Americas during the TAST (18,37). In this context, previous genetic studies considering a relatively limited number of populations from mainland Europe and Africa, and/or limited numbers of Cabo Verdean islands of birth, suggested that mainly continental West Africans and South Europeans were at the root of Cabo Verde genetic landscape (3,23,34).…”

Section: The Genetic Heritage Of Continental Africa In Cabo Verdementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, which enslaved-African populations only briefly transited through the archipelago, and which remained for longer periods is largely debated by historians (25)(26)(27); and, while Portuguese influence is clear, further details about which European migrations genetically influenced Cabo Verde remain to be assessed (36). These aspects are often crucial for understanding the genetic history of enslaved-African descendant populations on either side of the Atlantic (1,12,37,38). Second, we propose to further evaluate the possible parallels between genetic and linguistic admixture histories at a micro-geographical scale within each island.…”

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confidence: 99%

A genetic and linguistic analysis of the admixture histories of the islands of Cabo Verde

Laurent

Szpiech

Costa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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From the 15th to the 19th century, the Trans-Atlantic Slave-Trade influenced the genetic and cultural diversity of numerous populations. We explore genomic and linguistic data from the nine islands of Cabo Verde, the earliest European colony of the era in Africa, a major Slave-Trade platform between the 16th and 19th centuries, and a previously uninhabited location ideal for investigating early admixture events between Europeans and Africans. We find that genetic admixture in Cabo Verde occurred primarily between Iberian and Senegambian populations, although forced and voluntary migrations to the archipelago involved numerous other populations. Inter-individual genetic and linguistic variation recapitulate geographic distribution of individuals' birth-places across Cabo Verdean islands, suggesting that Kriolu language variants have developed together with genetic divergences. Furthermore, we find that admixture occurred both early in each island, long before the 18th-century massive TAST deportations triggered by the plantation economy, and after this era. Our results illustrate how shifting socio-cultural relationships between enslaved and non-enslaved communities shaped enslaved-African descendants' descent on both sides of the Atlantic.

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“…With the Great Migration and subsequent historical segregation practices, Black individuals have been relegated to geographically isolated areas of urban centers. 9 Studies have shown associations between geographic distribution of minoritized groups, structurally racist practices, and firearm violence incidence as well as the downstream socioeconomic impacts that mediate these geographic associations. [10][11][12] Similar geographic isolation is seen among other racial and ethnic minority groups, namely Hispanic populations in urban areas, but their underlying historical factors are different than those for Black Americans.…”

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confidence: 99%

Death by the minute: Inequities in trauma care for victims of firearm violence

Poulson,

Jay,

Kenzik

et al. 2023

J Trauma Acute Care Surg

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Background Gunshot wounds (GSWs) remain a significant source of mortality in the United States. Timely delivery of trauma care is known to be critical for survival. We sought to understand the relationship of predicted transport time and death after GSW. Given large racial disparities in firearm violence we also sought to understand disparities in transport times and death by victim race, an unstudied phenomenon. Methods Firearm mortality data were obtained from the Boston Police Department 2005-2023. Firearm incidents were mapped using ArcGIS. Predicted transport times for each incident to the closest trauma center were calculated in ArcGIS. Spatial autoregressive models were used to understand the relationship between victim race, transport time to a trauma center and mortality associated with the shooting incidents. Results There were 4,545 shooting victims with 758 deaths. Among those who lived, the median transport time was 9.4 minutes (IQR 5.8, 13.8) and 10.5 minutes (IQR 6.4, 14.6, p = 0.003) for those who died. In the multivariable logistic regression, increased transport time to the nearest trauma center (OR 1.024, 95% CI 1.01-1.04) and age (OR 1.016, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) were associated with mortality. There was a modest difference in median transport time to the nearest trauma center by race with non-Hispanic Black at 10.1 minutes, Black Hispanic 9.2 minutes, white Hispanic 8.5 minutes, and non-Hispanic white 8.3 minutes (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results highlight the relationship of transport time to a trauma center and death after a GSW. Non-white individuals had significantly longer transport times to a trauma center and predicted mortality would have been lower with white victim transport times. These data underscore the importance of timely trauma care for GSW victims and can be used to direct more equitable trauma systems. Level of Evidence Level III, Prognostic/Epidemiological

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The Making of African America: The Four Great Migrations

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Impact of Racial Residential Segregation on Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Treatment

The Impact of Racial Residential Segregation on Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Treatment

A genetic and linguistic analysis of the admixture histories of the islands of Cabo Verde

Death by the minute: Inequities in trauma care for victims of firearm violence

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