The Making of Bad Gentry: The Abolition of Keju, Local Governance, and Anti-Elite Protests, 1902–1911

Hao, Yu; Liu, Zhengcheng; Wang, Xi; Zhou, Lian

doi:10.1017/s0022050722000225

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…13 Tsinghua University was established in 1911, while the PR China was established in 1949, thus we collect data only between 1910 and 1950. For more details on the alumni data, see Hao (2021).…”

Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To measure the strength of the local civil society, we digitize each prefecture's quota for Shengyuan-the number of individuals passing the entry-level civil service exam in each cohort. As discussed in Hao et al (2022), after obtaining Shengyuan status, no more than 5% of exam takers could further obtain a higher status (Juren or Jinshi), thus the majority of Shengyuan ended up as local elites in their home prefectures. It is estimated that Shengyuan accounted for only 3% of the male population, and the average income of a Shengyuan was 6 times that of a commoner (Chang 1962).…”

Section: Quantitative Evidence On the Determinants Of Secularizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buddha's grace illuminates all: Temple destruction, school construction and modernization in 20th century China

Wang

Zhang

2023

Economica

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This paper studies how modern human capital emerged in early 20th century China. We document a novel historical episode known as the ‘Temple Destruction Movement’ (TDM), in which Chinese local governments appropriated huge amounts of Buddhist and Taoist temple assets to support the modernization of local schooling. We find that before the TDM, the initial stock of temple assets was uncorrelated with the levels and trends of human capital development; after the TDM was intensified, regions with higher initial stocks of temple assets suddenly constructed more modern schools, enrolled more students in modern educational programmes, and produced more modern elites. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that the TDM could account for nearly 70% of China's modern school construction in the early 20th century, which is consistent with historical records collected from numerous county gazetteers. Further analysis shows that the TDM was most effective in the presence of both a strong government and a powerful civil society, as the former made it easier to appropriate assets from the religious sector, while the latter helped to prevent the confiscated religious assets from being captured by local officials.

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Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantitative Evidence On the Determinants Of Secularizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buddha's grace illuminates all: Temple destruction, school construction and modernization in 20th century China

Wang

Zhang

2023

Economica

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“…Of course, the abrupt removal of the intellectuals' social mobility ladder also pushed them in other ways, such as forcing some to launch revolutions and pursue radical social changes. For example, some of them organised violent rebellions to topple the dynastic autocracy and replace it with a republican polity (Bai & Jia, 2016; Hao et al, 2022).…”

Section: Development History Of Human Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative history studies on China: State capacity, institutions, culture and human capital from prehistoric times to the present

Chen

2023

Asia‐Pacific Economic History Review

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Volumes of historical archives in China have been digitised, from which various datasets have been constructed for scholarly inquiry. Furthermore, the excavation of thousands of archaeological sites provided detailed data about prehistoric development across China's landmass. As a result, there has been remarkable progress in quantitative studies on China's past. This article reviews recent work in five theme areas to provide a background for the papers included in this special issue. These themes include state formation, Confucianism, human capital, Christian missionaries, and long‐term persistence studies. The five papers in this issue fall into these themes and are introduced where appropriate.

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Why Does a Ruler Tolerate Corruption and How Can Corruption Possibly Be Eliminated?

Yin

et al. 2023

Singapore Econ. Rev.

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There is a fundamental conflict of interests between the ruler and most citizens in non-democracies. When the ruler maximizes his benefit from taxation, the major constraint is that citizens might make attempts to overthrow the existing regime. The continuity and stability of regime are crucially related to the degree of support to the existing political regime by the bureaucracy. In this paper, we use a simple model to argue that, when the ruler maximizes his benefit and faces exogenous restriction on wage setting, toleration of corruption is necessary to induce the required support and effort from the bureaucracy. We then relax the exogenous restriction on wages and study the case in which the ruler may eliminate corruption by setting efficiency wage. We also explore the possibility that the ruler may use an audit device to check corruption.

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The Making of Bad Gentry: The Abolition of Keju, Local Governance, and Anti-Elite Protests, 1902–1911

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Buddha's grace illuminates all: Temple destruction, school construction and modernization in 20th century China

Buddha's grace illuminates all: Temple destruction, school construction and modernization in 20th century China

Quantitative history studies on China: State capacity, institutions, culture and human capital from prehistoric times to the present

Why Does a Ruler Tolerate Corruption and How Can Corruption Possibly Be Eliminated?

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