The Making of Fired Clay Bricks in<scp>C</scp>hina Some 5000 Years Ago

Yang, Yachang; Yu, Shi‐Yong; Zhu, Yongnan; Shao, Jing

doi:10.1111/arcm.12014

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Fired brick, typically used for construction and architectural esthetics, is one of the most durable materials with a 5000-year history dating back to Neolithic China 1 . This masonry building block is commonly found in various red tones and mostly comprised of fused particles of silica (SiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy storing bricks for stationary PEDOT supercapacitors

Wang

Diao

et al. 2020

Nat Commun

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Fired brick is a universal building material, produced by thousand-year-old technology, that throughout history has seldom served any other purpose. Here, we develop a scalable, costeffective and versatile chemical synthesis using a fired brick to control oxidative radical polymerization and deposition of a nanofibrillar coating of the conducting polymer poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). A fired brick's open microstructure, mechanical robustness and~8 wt% α-Fe 2 O 3 content afford an ideal substrate for developing electrochemical PEDOT electrodes and stationary supercapacitors that readily stack into modules. Fiveminute epoxy serves as a waterproof case enabling the operation of our supercapacitors while submerged underwater and a gel electrolyte extends cycling stability to 10,000 cycles with~90% capacitance retention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy storing bricks for stationary PEDOT supercapacitors

Wang

Diao

et al. 2020

Nat Commun

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“…Fired clay brick can be traced as far back as 5000-5300 years ago in China [66]. Fired bricks were widely used in ancient Greece from around the 4th century due to the abundance of limestone [67].…”

Section: Clay Brickmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Current State of Building Materials, Construction Methods, and Building Regulations in the U.K.: Implications for Sustainable Building Practices

Vagtholm,

Matteo,

Vand

et al. 2023

Buildings

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This study presents a comprehensive review of building materials, construction methods, and building regulations on the U.K. mainland. This provides valuable insights into the historical progression and transformation of the construction industry through a comprehensive analysis of both traditional and modern building construction materials and methods and categorising their evolutionary trajectory. Current building regulations in England, Wales, and Scotland are compared, highlighting differences in fire safety, noise safety, energy conservation, and sustainability. For example, fire safety regulations are analysed in detail, including fire resistance duration, wall cladding combustibility, and limitations on unprotected areas. Advances in knowledge and technology have led to increasingly sophisticated and energy-dependent methods, materials, and regulations. This study showcases the vast array of building construction materials spanning centuries, each possessing unique properties and performances. The selected methods and materials represent those currently employed or widely utilised in the U.K. construction industry, affirming their relevance and applicability in modern construction practices. Limitations in construction practices primarily stem from a lack of knowledge and tools rather than material scarcity. Enhancing knowledge and access to advanced tools is crucial to overcoming these limitations and driving advancements in the field. This study provides insights into the evolution of building materials, construction methods, and building regulations that can inform future developments in sustainable building practices. The findings have significant implications for policymakers, building designers, and constructors, particularly in terms of adopting sustainable materials and construction methods that comply with building regulations while reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.

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“…This is also consistent with the common sense that the inner temperature of an object is lower than the surface temperature when it is unevenly heated. The final color of each brick depends on the composition of the raw materials used to make them and on the degree of mineral transformation during firing, which itself depends on temperature, firing time, and the redox environment inside the kilns (Maritan et al, 2006;Yang et al, 2014;Pérez-Monserrat et al, 2021). For raw materials containing iron oxides and hydroxides, or organic and/or Fe-bearing base clays, the brick color can vary from yellow to red in oxidation conditions, and from grey or black in reducing conditions (Kreimeyer, 1987;Maritan et al, 2006;Pérez-Monserrat et al, 2021).…”

Section: Spatial Characteristics Of Rock Magnetism In Brickmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the various fired archaeological objects, baked bricks are more susceptible to uneven heating due to their thickness. In ancient China, the use of baked bricks dates back to the Yangshao culture, and they were widely produced and utilized during the Warring States Period and Qin-Han Dynasties (Yang et al, 2014). And, specialized kilns were developed for firing these bricks during the Han Dynasty, indicating the advanced state of firing technology at that time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic characteristics of Chinese archaeological bricks and their implications for archaeomagnetism

Chen,

Sun,

Liao

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Fired archaeological objects have been widely studied in palaeomagnetic research. However, the uneven heating during the firing process can affected the type, grain size and magnetic domain characteristics of the magnetic carrier, which in turn can led to notable discrepancies in the paleomagnetic information that they captured. In this study, we conducted a detailed rock magnetic study on two Chinese archaeological (one grey and one red) to reveal the properties of magnetic minerals subjected to different firing temperatures. Our results show that single domain (SD) magnetite with strong magnetostatic interactions is the dominant magnetic carrier in grey bricks, while SD magnetite with weak magnetostatic interactions is the dominant magnetic carrier in the red bricks. And stepwise heating results show that the firing temperature of the grey brick and the outer layers of red brick (R-1, R-3) is above 700°C, while the inner layer (R-2) of red brick shows a thermal transformation process at ∼ 350°C. This uneven heating may cause the spatial discrepancies in magnetic parameters such as the mass-normalized magnetic susceptibility (χ) and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in red brick. Nevertheless, the direction of the geomagnetic field can be accurately obtained even if the brick is not heated evenly. However, more work is needed to explore the paleointensity behavior at different firing temperatures.

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The Making of Fired Clay Bricks inChina Some 5000 Years Ago

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Energy storing bricks for stationary PEDOT supercapacitors

Energy storing bricks for stationary PEDOT supercapacitors

Evolution and Current State of Building Materials, Construction Methods, and Building Regulations in the U.K.: Implications for Sustainable Building Practices

Magnetic characteristics of Chinese archaeological bricks and their implications for archaeomagnetism

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