The Making of Portuguese Democracy

Rethinking the Iberian Transformations: How Democratization Scenarios Shaped Labor Market Outcomes

“…A revolt of Portuguese army captains on April 25, 1974-largely motivated by their desire to bring to an end the country's increasingly unsuccessful colonial wars in Africatriggered the demise of authoritarian rule in the smaller of the Iberian cases and initiated a broadly based process of comprehensive change quickly dubbed the carnation revolution (Maxwell 1995), whereas a consensus-oriented transition led by reformers within the existing regime (under pressure from the democratic opposition) brought democracy to Spain following the death of longtime dictator Francisco Franco in November 1975. Portugal's carnation revolution, and the colonial wars which had brought it about, generated a state crisis characterized by the loss of discipline and cohesion within the military.…”

Home across the Atlantic? Views on the maintenance of the Portuguese culture in Port Elizabeth, South Africa

“…Maxwell ( 1995) shows clearly how events in the 1974 Portuguese revolution had far reaching effects on the balance of power and military strategy in Southern Africa.…”

Authoritarian legacies, transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization

“…40 The same post-Second World War methods deployed to deal with Italy were used in the Portuguese case. The moderate political parties were financed by the US administration which, together with the international organizations of the European 'political families -these often mediating the US role -also supported the training of party cadres.…”

“…50 A new generation rose quickly to the top ranks of the force as the old elite associated with the New State had been forced to retire. The institutionalization of democracy in Portugal therefore entailed an important change in the life of military officers and it was here that the impact of the transition was felt most sharply.…”