The malleability of stigmatizing attitudes: Combining imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback

Pennington, Charlotte Rebecca; Campbell, Claire; Monk, Rebecca; Heim, Derek

doi:10.1080/15487768.2016.1171175

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Hence, we cannot know with certainty whether the participants were affected primarily by reminding them of the good and kind human nature or by emphasizing the malleability of human beings. Previous research on stigma reduction (Pennington, Campbell, Monk, & Heim, 2016) showed that asking participants to imagine positive social contact with stigmatized individuals, in this case mentally ill, could influence their attitudes towards mentally ill persons in a positive way as well. Bilewicz and Jaworska (2013) found that bringing up examples of Poles who helped Jews during the holocaust facilitated reconciliation in Polish-Jewish encounters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive essentialization reduces prejudice: Reminding participants of a positive human nature alleviates the stigma of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) descent

Putra

Holtz

Pitaloka

et al. 2018

J. Soc. Polit. Psych.

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This study aims to demonstrate and change negative perceptions of descendants of members of the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia/PKI), a stigmatized social group in Indonesia. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were given positive descriptions of an adult (Study 1) and a child (Study 2), and were asked to evaluate them twice, before and after reading information about the target’s family background. In Study 1, targets were described either as descendants of PKI members, members of another Indonesian party or criminals. In Study 2, the target was presented as a descendant of PKI members, of members of another Indonesian party or without information on family background (control condition). The studies showed that whenever people were ‘revealed’ to be descendants of PKI members, the respondents’ judgments became more negative, and their assumptions about commonly shared views of these people became more negative as well. In Studies 3 and 4, participants were again given descriptions of an adult (Study 3) and a child (Study 4), which were both described as descendants of PKI members. Half of the participants were reminded afterwards with a written statement that every human is by nature good and unique (the experimental condition), while the other half did not get any additional information (control group). By making salient a shared and positively valued human ‘essence’, it was possible to alleviate the stigma that still is attached to PKI-affiliations in Indonesian society. We end the study with a discussion of our findings’ political and societal implications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive essentialization reduces prejudice: Reminding participants of a positive human nature alleviates the stigma of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) descent

Putra

Holtz

Pitaloka

et al. 2018

J. Soc. Polit. Psych.

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“…While unlikely to create lasting bias change without further reinforcement (see Ebert et al 2009;see Lai et al 2016), the impact of completing measures of implicit responding has been explored in the literature. Results have been mixed, sometimes demonstrating effects on explicit attitudes (Menatti et al 2012), or strengthening positive implicit intervention effects when performance feedback is provided (Pennington et al 2016). Interestingly, Pennington et al (2016) found a slight (non-significant) increase in positive attitudes among their control group after they completed an IRAP but only when participants also received IRAP feedback.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results have been mixed, sometimes demonstrating effects on explicit attitudes (Menatti et al 2012), or strengthening positive implicit intervention effects when performance feedback is provided (Pennington et al 2016). Interestingly, Pennington et al (2016) found a slight (non-significant) increase in positive attitudes among their control group after they completed an IRAP but only when participants also received IRAP feedback. However, their sample sizes were small (N = 48; approx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the effectiveness of brief interventions to strengthen a positive implicit relation between women and STEM across two timepoints

2020

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The current study assessed the impact of three brief interventions aimed at influencing implicit gender bias in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields. The reduction of this bias is a key consideration as it remains a major barrier to gender equality in STEM. The interventions (psychoeducation, exposure to positive counter-stereotypical exemplars and perspective-taking) were compared to a control group at two timepoints. Gender-STEM bias was assessed at the implicit level (via the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; IRAP) and the explicit level (via rating scales). Two hundred and ten adults (58.1% women) completed one of the four study conditions. Results indicated that implicit gender-STEM bias is malleable, at least in the short term. At Time 1, intervention groups showed higher levels of implicit pro-Women-STEM bias and lower levels of pro-Men-STEM bias than the Control group. Psychoeducation appeared most effective, followed by exposure to positive counter-stereotypical exemplars. Results from Time 2 presented a more complex picture of implicit bias change, as the control group exhibited an increased pro-Women-STEM bias that was unexpected. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to refining the interventions, the malleability of gender-STEM bias and the measurement of implicit bias across contexts.

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“…The effects of exposure or contact with an out-group on implicit biases may be further enhanced when individuals also receive specific feedback on their implicit biases. In a study examining implicit attitudes toward mental illness, Pennington et al (2016) found positive changes in implicit biases following imagined social contact and further improvements were evidenced when imagined social contact was paired with feedback related to attitudes toward mental illness. The results of this study may have been bolstered by pre- and postintervention measures of implicit bias using the IRAP/…”

Section: Discussion and Applications To Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…IRAP effects have also been substantiated by comparison with facial electromyography (Roddy et al, 2011) and with event-related potentials (Barnes-Holmes et al, 2006; Power et al, 2017a). Perhaps most significant from an applied perspective, the IRAP appears to have used as a tool for identifying targets for bias-specific training (Baker et al, 2016), for providing specific feedback related to biases (Kelly & Barnes-Holmes, 2013; Pennington et al, 2016), and for measuring bias pre- and postintervention (Scanlon & Barnes-Holmes, 2013). The IRAP has shown promising pragmatic validity, with evidence that IRAP responding is predictive of future behavior (Golijani-Moghaddam et al, 2013; Hughes et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Assess Implicit Biases Held by Professionals Toward Client Populations

Sereno

Quigley

Smith

2021

Research on Social Work Practice

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Implicit biases held by professionals, functioning outside conscious awareness, can negatively affect client outcomes and professional well-being. Purpose: This systematic review evaluated evidence in the literature of Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) utility for assessing implicit biases held by professionals toward client populations. Method: Included studies were those published 2000 through 2020 using IRAP to measure implicit biases in professionals toward consumers. Results: Eight studies met inclusion criteria, with two meeting borderline requirements. Results support IRAP reliability and validity for identifying implicit biases. Variation presents across studies in reporting and analysis of IRAP effects. Discussion: Convergence and divergence between implicit and explicit measures are discussed in terms of relational responding. Results are limited by the relative paucity of studies meeting inclusion criteria and by inconsistencies in data reporting and analysis. Methods for selecting IRAP stimuli are discussed, with a call for a more function-driven approach. Standardization of IRAP methodology is recommended to facilitate extension.

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The malleability of stigmatizing attitudes: Combining imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback

Cited by 5 publications

References 79 publications

Positive essentialization reduces prejudice: Reminding participants of a positive human nature alleviates the stigma of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) descent

Positive essentialization reduces prejudice: Reminding participants of a positive human nature alleviates the stigma of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) descent

Examining the effectiveness of brief interventions to strengthen a positive implicit relation between women and STEM across two timepoints

A Systematic Review of the Use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Assess Implicit Biases Held by Professionals Toward Client Populations

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