The Management of Respiratory Failure in Infancy

Abstract

The management of respiratory failure in infancy has altered considerably over the past two decades, due both to an increasing understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved and the development of new techniques of treatment. This paper outlines the rationale, indications, and details of the therapy which may be required in neonates and infants suffering from illnesses affecting respiratory function.

Complications of Nasotracheal Intubation in Neonates, Infants and Children: A Review of 4 Years' Experience in a Children's Hospital

“…This is in contrast with early reports which described an incidence of post-intubation stridor of 4-10% [3,12] and an incidence of subglottic stenosis of 2-4% [4][5][6][7]. This improvement probably resulted from the fact that the tube is always small enough to allow a slight leak of air around it when positive pressure is applied [13]. In the 3-yr period, only six tubes had to be changed because there was no leak around them, although in the same period 58 tubes had to be changed because the leak was excessive.…”

A Volume-Preset Device for Mechanical Ventilation of Infants and Children

“…The important considerations when ventilators are adapted for use with children are those of small dead space and tidal volume, and rapid rate (Mushin, Mapleson and Lunn 1962). It is also essential to provide adequate humidification and strict control of oxygen concentration (Stocks 1973). Positive end-expiratory pressure is required for the management of the majority of infants.…”

Vocal cord paralysis as a consequence of peritonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine

“…line was inserted and atracurium 0.5 mg kg −1 was administered for orotracheal intubation. A 5.5 ID uncuffed orotracheal tube was uneventfully introduced, allowing air leak at an inspiratory pressure of 25 cm (4).…”