The Management of Toe Walking in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: “Cast and Go”

Manfredi, Francesco; Riefoli, Flavia; Coviello, Michele; Dibello, Daniela

doi:10.3390/children9101477

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Lim, O'Sullivan, Choi and Kim, 2016 [55] n = 30; ASD =15, male = 13 8.4-14 yrs. DSM-IV No Manfredi, Riefoli, Coviello and Dibello, 2022 [56] n = 22; ASD = 22, male = 12 5.6-12. nds as collaborators on research teams could help identify potential areas of research bias as the study methods are in the development stage and in the interpretation of the results. This community-based participatory research approach is gaining momentum in health-based research, with the ultimate goal of improving the science of addressing health disparities in socially disadvantaged population groups [75][76][77][78].…”

Section: Dsm-5 Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Urgent Need for Neuroscience Research to Consider Culture when Assessing the Development of Gait in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review

Buac¹,

Ibarra²,

Torres³

et al. 2023

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Background: Over the last decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on a global scale, impacting all racial and cultural groups. This increase in the diagnostic rate has prompted investigation into a myriad of factors that may serve as early signs of ASD. One of these factors includes the biomechanics of gait, or the manner of walking. Although ASD is a spectrum, many autistic children experience differences in gross motor function, including gait. It has been documented that gait is also impacted by racial and cultural background. Given that ASD is equally prevalent across all cultural backgrounds, it is urgent that studies assessing gait in autistic children consider the impact of cultural factors on children's development of gait. The purpose of the present scoping review was to assess whether recent empirical research studies focusing on gait in autistic children have taken culture into account. Methods: To do so, we conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines using a keyword searching with the terms autism, OR autism spectrum disorder, OR ASD, OR autis, AND gait OR walking in the following databases: CINAHL, ERIC (EBSCO), Medline, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, PsychInfo, PubMed, and Scopus. Articles were considered for review if they met all six of the following inclusionary criteria: (1) included participants with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), (2) directly measured gait or walking, (3) the article was a primary study, (4) the article was written in English, (5) participants included children up to age 18, and (6) the article was published between 2014 and 2022. Results: A total of 43 articles met eligibility criteria but none of the articles took culture into account in the data analysis process. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for neuroscience research to consider cultural factors when assessing gait characteristics of autistic children. This would allow for more culturally responsive and equitable assessment and intervention planning for all autistic children.

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Section: Dsm-5 Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Urgent Need for Neuroscience Research to Consider Culture when Assessing the Development of Gait in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review

Buac¹,

Ibarra²,

Torres³

et al. 2023

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…8 Researches showed that children with TW and ASD need a longer duration of physical therapy intervention. 9 CP is an umbrella term referring to movement impairments caused by injury to the central nervous system. 10 Children with CP have flat caused of the reduced plantar activity in the second part of the swing phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservative therapy and physiotherapy in children with toe walking: a systematic review

Besios,

Kyriakatis,

Besios

2024

Int J Clin Trials

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The purpose of this systematic review was to study all the randomized controlled trials on the effects of conservative treatment and physiotherapy programs on children with toe walking. A literature search was performed in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, PsychInfo, SportDiscus, and ResearchGate. Toe-walking and toe walking were the keywords searched. Furthermore, explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, and the research selection procedure was carried out by two distinct reviewers. The physiotherapy evidence data-base (PEDro) scale was used to assess the quality of the final studies included in the systematic review. Out of the total of 2079 studies initially identified, 6 studies were finally included. The results showed that physiotherapy interventions and conservative therapy, such as botulinum toxin, ankle foot orthosis or foot orthosis and electric stimulation therapy can help reduce toe walking especially when these methods are combined with classic physiotherapeutic exercises and stretches. Conservative treatment and physiotherapy have positive effect on children who have toe walking symptoms. However, further research is needed in this area to determine the most effective treatment methods to reduce the symptoms of toe walking and find the best treatment to improve the daily lives of these patients, focusing on avoiding surgical procedures.

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Children presenting with toe walking: when should concern arise?

Üstün,

Menderes,

Özbudak

et al. 2024

Cukurova Medical Journal

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate children who present with tiptoe walking (TW) and to identify potential indicators of underlying medical conditions. Materials and Methods: Out of the 248 patients who visited the Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Clinic for gait disturbances, 90 individuals aged 1-17 years were identified as exhibiting TW. After excluding those with systemic neurological diseases and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), the study ultimately included 47 patients. Results: Among the participants, 19 were female (40.5%) and 28 were male (59.5%). The mean age of the patients was 4.9 years (SD ± 3.53). When evaluating the etiology of TW, 30 patients (63.8%) were found to have idiopathic tiptoe walking (ITW), 8 (17%) had cerebral palsy (CP), 6 (12.7%) had Achilles tendon shortness (ATS), 2 (4.2%) had hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), and 1 (2.1%) had syringomyelia. Imaging was not performed for 17 patients (36.1%), while cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted for 13 (27.6%), spinal MRI for 2 (4.2%), and both cranial and spinal MRI for 15 (31.9%). Pathology was detected in 5 of the patients who underwent imaging (10.6%): 4 (8.5%) showed hypoxic-ischemic processes, and 1 (2.1%) showed syringomyelia. Conclusion: In cases where patients exhibit normal neurological examinations and neuromotor development, TW is often identified as idiopathic. However, for patients presenting with risk factors in their personal or family history, delays in neuromotor milestones, or abnormal neurological findings, a diagnosis should be pursued at an earlier stage.

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The Management of Toe Walking in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: “Cast and Go”

Cited by 4 publications

References 47 publications

The Urgent Need for Neuroscience Research to Consider Culture when Assessing the Development of Gait in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review

The Urgent Need for Neuroscience Research to Consider Culture when Assessing the Development of Gait in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review

Conservative therapy and physiotherapy in children with toe walking: a systematic review

Children presenting with toe walking: when should concern arise?

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