“…These included the illegal association (and thus often detention) of a small number of citizens to groups of Islamic reform operating in the country such as Tablighi Jamaat and Hizbu-Tahrir (Schmitz, 2015). More typically, these transformations manifested in day-to-day life such as people’s retreating from drinking alcohol, attending mosques on Fridays, listening to speeches by local mullahs in CDs and DVDs, reading Quran, celebrating ‘Islamic’ weddings, and wearing veils and other ‘Muslim clothes’ (Marsden, 2012; Ibañez-Tirado, 2016; Roche, 2014; Stephan-Emmrich and Mirzoev, 2016; Mostowlansky, 2017). From 2010 and with the justification of defending the country from dangerous forms of Islamic extremism (Heathershaw and Montgomery, 2014), government officials shut down several local mosques.…”