The March 1940 Superstorm: Geoelectromagnetic Hazards and Impacts on American Communication and Power Systems

Abstract

An analysis is made of geophysical records of the 24 March 1940, magnetic storm and related reports of interference on long‐line communication and power systems across the contiguous United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada. Most long‐line system interference occurred during local daytime, after the second of two storm sudden commencements and during the early part of the storm's main phase. The high degree of system interference experienced during this storm is inferred to have been due to unusually large‐amplitude and unusually rapid geomagnetic field variation, possibly driven by interacting interplanetary coronal‐mass ejections. Geomagnetic field variation, in turn, induced geoelectric fields in the electrically conducting solid Earth, establishing large potential differences (voltages) between grounding points at communication depots and transformer substations connected by long transmission lines. It is shown that March 1940 storm‐time communication‐ and power‐system interference was primarily experienced over regions of high electromagnetic surface impedance, mainly in the upper Midwest and eastern United States. Potential differences measured on several grounded long lines during the storm exceeded 1‐min resolution voltages that would have been induced by the March 1989 storm. In some places, voltages exceeded American electric‐power‐industry benchmarks. It is concluded that the March 1940 magnetic storm was unusually effective at inducing geoelectric fields. Although modern communication systems are now much less dependent on long electrically conducting transmission lines, modern electric‐power‐transmission systems are more dependent on such lines, and they, thus, might experience interference with the future occurrence of a storm as effective as that of March 1940.

Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK

“…The analog records of ground‐based geomagnetic observatories collected prior to the 1980s offer the chance to investigate the magnitude and evolution of large historic storms. Several extreme geomagnetic storms have been examined for their magnitudes and impacts on technology at the time and to assess how similar events might affect modern critical infrastructure today, as exemplified with the October 1870 (Vaquero et al., 2008), February 1872 storm (Hayakawa et al., 2018), the May 1921 storm (Hapgood, 2019), the 1940 storms (Hayakawa et al, 2020; Hayakawa, Oliveira, et al., 2022; Love et al., 2023), and the August 1972 storm (Knipp et al., 2018).…”

Digitized continuous magnetic recordings for the August/September 1859 storms from London, UK

“…The analog records of ground-based geomagnetic observatories collected prior to the 1980s offer the chance to investigate the magnitude and evolution of large historic storms. Several extreme geomagnetic storms have been examined for their magnitudes and impacts on technology at the time and to assess how similar events might affect modern critical infrastructure today, as exemplified with the October 1870 (Vaquero et al, 2008), February 1872 storm (Hayakawa et al, 2018), the May 1921 storm (Hapgood, 2019), the 1940 storms (Hayakawa et al, 2020;Hayakawa, Oliveira, et al, 2022;Love et al, 2023), and the August 1972 storm (Knipp et al, 2018).…”