The Marine Communities of a Tidal Inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: A Study in Bio‐Ecology

Dexter, Ralph W.

doi:10.2307/1948658

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It is abundant only on rocky surfaces. These observations are in close agreement with those of Dexter (1947), who studied the species at Cape Ann, Massachusetts, where it occurs abundantly only from spring low tide through the lower 5 ft of the 8.5 to 8.7 ft intertidal zone.…”

Section: Mytilus Edulissupporting

confidence: 91%

Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)

Stanley¹

1970

Geological Society of America Memoirs

705

798

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Study of 95 Western Atlantic bivalve mollusk species representing 29 families has demonstrated that morphologic features of the bivalve shell other than hinge type and microstructure primarily reflect life habits and habitat preferences. Many morphologic features represent potentially powerful tools for paleoecologic and evolutionary interpretation.Byssally attached groups living with the sagittal plane vertical are characterized by elongation and flattening of the ventral margin. Non-burrowing, byssally attached arcids and carditids, for example, are more elongate than closely related burrowing species. Epifaunal mytilids can be distinguished from related infaunal and semi-infaunal species by cross-sectional shape, degree of anterior reduction, and configuration of the byssal musculature and sinus. Tridacnids show special adaptations for exposure of algae-infested siphonal tissue to sunlight.Byssally attached groups living with the sagittal plane nonvertical are characteristically inequivalve, with the lower valve flattened for maximum substratum contact. Pectinids and pteriids utilize a special auricle-sinus configuration for firm byssal anchorage. The posterior "wing" of many pteriids apparently shelters the exhalent current to increase its discharge distance.Epifaunal groups attached by cementation are commonly thickshelled. The spines of certain cemented groups apparently serve a defensive function.Many reclining taxa employ a thick shell and a flattened upper valve for stability. The lower valve is commonly convex, if partly buried in life position, and nearly flat, if lying at the substratum surface.Most swimming species have thin shells. Pectinids with a freeliving adult stage differ from those with a byssally attached adult stage in their high degree of auricle symmetry and large umbonal 1 Evolutionary divergence, convergence, and homeomorphy support functional interpretations and provide strong arguments for the adaptive nature of shell form in the Bivalvia. Divergent representatives of the Mactracea, for example, show remarkable convergence in form and habit with species belonging to other superfamilies. 7 8 SHELL FOKM AND LIFE HABITS OF THE BIVALVIA locomotion or attachment is very useful for dividing bivalves into meaningful ecologic groups. Seven major categories are recognized here:Byssally attached. Employing a byssal apparatus for fixation to the substratum, and normally lacking the capacity for pedal burrowing. Cemented. Attached by secreted shell material to a hard substratum.Reclining. Occupying a position on or partially buried in a soft substratum and lacking the capacity for attachment.Swimming. Moving freely through the water by self-propulsion. Burrowing. Penetrating a soft substratum by means of pedal locomotion and maintaining a life position of at least partial burial.

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Section: Mytilus Edulissupporting

confidence: 91%

Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)

Stanley¹

1970

Geological Society of America Memoirs

705

798

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“…Crows have been observed feeding on N. lapillus on Cape Ann (Dexter, 1947) and are frequent visitors to the intertidal at Mackerel Cove (pers. observ.).…”

Section: Physiological-stress Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN THE INTERTIDAL SNAILNUCELLA LAPILLUS

Etter

1988

Evolution

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Abstract.-The intertidal snail Nucella lapillus exhibits considerable variation in shell color both within and between populations differentially exposed to wave action. Populations from highwave-energy shores tended to be highly polymorphic and were dominated by pigmented morphs (especially brown), while those at more sheltered locations exhibited less polymorphism and were predominantly white. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the role of physiological stress and selective predation in maintaining the observed distribution of color morphs.The results demonstrated that I) physiological stress from high temperature and desiccation during periods of tidal emersion was greater on protected shores, 2) under similar natural conditions, brown morphs heated up faster, attained higher temperatures, desiccated more rapidly, and suffered greater mortality than did white morphs, and 3) when pairs of brown and white morphs were tethered intertidally there was virtually no mortality of either morph on the exposed shore or in shaded microhabitats on the protected shore, but brown morphs suffered much greater mortality in sunny microhabitats on the protected shore. These findings demonstrate that the interpopulation variation in shell color of N. lapillus is in part a response to a selective gradient in physiological stress. Selection for crypsis by visually hunting predators did not appear to playa prominent role; however, only adults were considered, and the predation experiments were conducted in the fall before shorebirds that prey on whelks had arrived from their summer feeding grounds. Further experimentation to quantify the effects of visual predators such as birds and fish, particularly on juvenile snails, is necessary to assess adequately the importance of predation.

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“…Green crabs, like many species that inhabit variable hot environments such as estuaries and intertidal zones, have high levels of heat shock proteins (eg., HSP70) that are important components in the cellular defense against proteotoxic stress [94]. The abundance of green crabs has declined after harsh winters in their native range [64,96,97] as well as in nonindigenous populations [76,88,98,99]. Adult C. maenas from British Columbia survived an 18-week duration period in the lab at temperatures at or below 5°C [100].…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

PopulationDynamics of Green Crabs (Carcinus maenas) -- A Review

Young¹,

Elliott²

2018

Preprint

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Carcinus maenas (the "shore crab" or "European green crab") is a very proficient invader (considered to be one of the world's 100 worst invaders by the IUCN) due to its phenotypic plasticity, wide temperature and salinity tolerance, and an extensive omnivorous diet. Native to Atlantic Europe, it has established two well-studied nonindigenous populations in the northwestern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific and lessstudied populations in Australia, Argentina and South Africa. Green crabs are eurythermal and euryhaline as adults, but they are limited to temperate coastlines due to more restrictive temperature requirements for breeding and larval development. They cannot tolerate wave-swept open shores so are found in wave-protected sheltered bays, estuaries and harbors. C. maenas has been the subject of numerous papers, with over 1000 published in the past decade. This literature review provides an up-to-date account of the current published information on the population dynamics of this very important species, including habitat preferences, physical parameter tolerances, reproduction and larval development, sizes of crabs, densities of populations, sex ratios, ecosystem dynamics and ecological impacts in the various established global populations of green crabs.

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The Marine Communities of a Tidal Inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: A Study in Bio‐Ecology

Cited by 49 publications

References 32 publications

Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)

Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN THE INTERTIDAL SNAILNUCELLA LAPILLUS

PopulationDynamics of Green Crabs (Carcinus maenas) -- A Review

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