The marketing of nicotine addiction by one oral snuff manufacturer

Connolly, Greg

doi:10.1136/tc.4.1.73

Cited by 71 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…When ST is placed in alkaloid environments, such as the oral cavity, nicotine freely crosses the mucosal membranes [37]. Interestingly, new users may initiate ST use with products containing a lower pH and then progress toward nicotine dependency with products of a higher nicotine concentration and pH [38]. The amount of nicotine absorbed with ST is mainly dependent on the pattern of use (similar to smoking).…”

Section: Nicotine Load In St Smoking and Nrtmentioning

confidence: 99%

How smokeless tobacco differs from smoking and nicotine replacement therapy

Arabi¹

2008

Curr Cardio Risk Rep

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Smokeless tobacco (ST) differs from smoking and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in its composition and cardiovascular side effects. Although ST and smoking have relatively similar effects on addiction, weight, blood pressure, and heart rate, ST has much milder effects on metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. On the other hand, NRT has less effect on heart rate and blood pressure and helps to treat nicotine addiction and decrease the weight gain resulting from quitting tobacco products. NRT is considered safer than smoking and ST. The nicotine load from ST is higher than that from smoking, but the burning in smoking causes the release of many substances that are more cardiovascularly toxic than nicotine, which explains the prominent metabolic and cardiovascular effects of smoking. Nicotine seems to have only a secondary role in the cardiovascular effects of smoking.

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Section: Nicotine Load In St Smoking and Nrtmentioning

confidence: 99%

How smokeless tobacco differs from smoking and nicotine replacement therapy

Arabi¹

2008

Curr Cardio Risk Rep

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“…The particle size of the tobacco fragments and the added chemicals for coating or binding the fragments together are very important in determining the nicotine release rate from them. Binding agents are added in products such as long cut smokeless tobacco products that have larger fragments of tobacco leaves to help packing the products tighter and as a result they tend to show slower nicotine release rates than products with finer tobacco fragments (Connolly, 1995). The in vitro release rate has also been shown to be higher in the products with higher pH (Nasr et al, 1998).…”

Section: Nicotine Release From Smokeless Tobacco Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering this, it has been mentioned in the literature that knowing the total amount of nicotine in a smokeless tobacco product without knowing its pH is of no value for estimating nicotine absorption rate or quantity , Henningfield et al, 1995b, Connolly, 1995.…”

Section: Nicotine Delivery In Smokeless Tobacco Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some products such as snus, come in tea bag like sachets that could be rate limiting for nicotine release since they need to be moistened and let the saliva to diffuse inside and release the nicotine into the oral environment for absorption through the mucosa (Connolly, 1995). The sachets have been shown to control the nicotine release rate in Skoal Bandit Classic, which is a commercially manufactured American moist snuff (Nasr et al, 1998).…”

Section: Nicotine Release From Smokeless Tobacco Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manufacturers can also alter the pH through addition of alkalisers such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, and calcium carbonate in order to control the dose of nicotine (Connolly, 1995).…”

Section: Nicotine Delivery In Smokeless Tobacco Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigations into the pituri plant: nicotine content, nicotine conversion to nornicotine, nicotine release and cytotoxicity of Australian native Nicotiana spp.

Moghbel¹

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The Aboriginal population of Central Australia use endemic Nicotiana spp. to make a smokeless tobacco product known as pituri that they chew/suck for nicotine absorption. This thesis describes the relative abundance of nicotine alkaloids amongst Australian Nicotiana spp., with special focus on the molecular characteristics of nicotine to nornicotine conversion.The most popular chewed species, N. gossei, is investigated for nicotine release and cytotoxicity in comparison to similar products to gain insight into potential hazards to pituri users.To analyse the alkaloids of Nicotiana leaves, a HPLC-UV method was developed to separate and quantify six closely related alkaloids (nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine, myosmine, cotinine). A C18 column with a mobile phase of ammonium formate buffer (pH 10.5) separated the six alkaloids within 13 min with detection at 260 nm. Linearity, precision and reproducibility were satisfactory. The limit of quantification was 2.8 and 4.8 µg/mL for nornicotine and nicotine, respectively, and below 2 µg/mL for other alkaloids. This method quantifies more alkaloids and in less time than previously reported methods.Tobacco alkaloids are responsible in formation of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). To quantify NNN and NNK, a fast LC-MS/MS method was developed using a HILIC column with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The linearity, accuracy, recovery and repeatability for this method were satisfactory, with quantification limit of 2.6 and 4.3 ng/mL for NNN and NNK, respectively. Nornicotine results from demethylation of nicotine, and is associated with negative effects on health. A group of cytochrome P450 genes that are mainly expressed during senescence or drying is involved in this conversion. The conversion loci were amplified in all studied 24 taxa, and sequenced in 6 selected species that contrast in conversion phenotype. Transcript accumulation of the responsible loci in fresh versus dried leaves of low or nonconverter N. gossei, N. excelsior and N. benthamiana maintained a steady level or a slight increase, but increased by 3 fold in cured leaves of the high converter N. goodspeedii, N. velutina and N. cavicola. This indicates the presence of functional loci that are triggered by curing only in high ii converter species and poses a potential risk for chewers of these species due to their greater potential for nornicotine production.The release of nicotine from the leaves of N. gossei was compared to that from a Swedish snus, the CORESTA reference smokeless tobacco (CRP2), and Nicabate chewing gum. A model buccal cavity system was developed and three different chewing conditions, performed manually were tested over 120 minutes: no chewing action, initial chewing and chewing at 15-minute intervals. To simulate the effect of alkaline wood ash, the effect of alkaline pH on the release of nicotine from N. gossei dry leaves was also evaluated. Samples ...

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Promoting Tobacco Use Among Students: The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company College Marketing Program

et al. 2020

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Objectives/Hypothesis: From the 1970s-1990s the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company (USST) conducted aggressive campaigns to solicit college students to buy their smokeless tobacco (ST) products. The scope, scale, methods, and impact of this youth marketing campaign have yet to be analyzed in the academic literature.Study Design: Historical research study. Methods: Internal industry documents describing the USST campaigns were obtained via the University of California, San Francisco's repository of tobacco company records. Marketing materials were obtained from Stanford University's Research Into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising (SRITA) collection of 657 USST advertisements.Results: USST's College Marketing Program (1978 sponsored events in some 350 campuses and hired student representatives in at least 175 colleges and universities across America. College representatives were trained to provide free samples to fellow students. Over a typical school year approximately a quarter million Happy Days, Skoal, and Skoal Bandits samples were handed out to undergraduates. USST paid their student representatives well and offered them a variety of incentives based upon sales growth. During the 1990s, USST's Skoal Music program engaged students on campuses and at "spring break" venues such as Daytona Beach.Conclusions: Targeting of college students on campus was a common tobacco industry practice between the 1940s and early 1960s. From the 1970s through 1990s USST resurrected the method and pursued it with vigor including: distribution of free samples; sponsored events and concerts, branded intramural teams; visits by sports celebrities; logo wearables and merchandise; contests and incentives; and displays and promotions in stores on and surrounding campuses.

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The marketing of nicotine addiction by one oral snuff manufacturer

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

How smokeless tobacco differs from smoking and nicotine replacement therapy

How smokeless tobacco differs from smoking and nicotine replacement therapy

Investigations into the pituri plant: nicotine content, nicotine conversion to nornicotine, nicotine release and cytotoxicity of Australian native Nicotiana spp.

Promoting Tobacco Use Among Students: The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company College Marketing Program

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