This article addresses the boundaries of female power within early modern aristocratic families. It asks the question: could a woman's influence and authority with her husband and kin, and over matters of inheritance and succession, expand or contract through her abilityor notto have children? The focus of the article is the family arrangements of Lord Emmanuel Scroop whose marriage to Elizabeth Manners was childless. The research set out to uncover Lord Scroop's relationship with their servant, Martha Janes, the birth of four illegitimate children by this relationship, and the property litigation pursued by both wife and mistress after Lord Scroop left the family estates to these children. The article argues that the case of Janes and her children sheds light on the hidden histories of bastardy and property within aristocratic families. It investigates how Janes and her children ultimately played a central role in the inheritance and succession strategies of Lord Scroop, and examines how much importance aristocratic men attached to the concept of a legitimate male bloodline. The objective is to shine a light on economic and legal relationships in aristocratic families and reveal the relativeand relationalpower an unmarried woman could gain through maternity.