The Maternal Management of Children, in Health and Disease

Bull, Thomas

doi:10.1097/00000441-185310000-00026

Cited by 3 publications

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“…With or without physicians' prescription, myriads of soothers were given to infants during the 19th century, and The Lancet published reports of lethal intoxication annually. [78][79][80][81][82][83][84] In 1853, Thomas Bull 85 compiled reports on 12 infants killed within 2 years from Godfrey's alone. In the same year, the London Sanitary Commission analyzed laudanum samples prepared by 21 pharmacies.…”

Section: Dosage Withdrawal and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal Lullabies

Obladen

2015

J Hum Lact

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Poppy extract accompanied the human infant for more than 3 millenia. Motives for its use included excessive crying, suspected pain, and diarrhea. In antiquity, infantile sleeplessness was regarded as a disease. When treatment with opium was recommended by Galen, Rhazes, and Avicenna, baby sedation made its way into early medical treatises and pediatric instructions. Dabbing maternal nipples with bitter substances and drugging the infant with opium were used to hasten weaning. A freerider of gum lancing, opiates joined the treatment of difficult teething in the 17th century. Foundling hospitals and wet-nurses used them extensively. With industrialization, private use was rampant among the working class. In German-speaking countries, poppy extracts were administered in soups and pacifiers. In English-speaking countries, proprietary drugs containing opium were marketed under names such as soothers, nostrums, anodynes, cordials, preservatives, and specifics and sold at the doorstep or in grocery stores. Opium's toxicity for infants was common knowledge; thousands of cases of lethal intoxication had been reported from antiquity. What is remarkable is that the willingness to use it in infants persisted and that physicians continued to prescribe it for babies. Unregulated trade, and even that protected by governments, led to greatly increased private use of opiates during the 19th century. Intoxication became a significant factor in infant mortality. As late as 1912, the International Hague Convention forced governments to implement legislation that effectively curtailed access to opium and broke the dangerous habit of sedating infants.

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Section: Dosage Withdrawal and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal Lullabies

Obladen

2015

J Hum Lact

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“…Most of these books focus on infants till weaning, while later books may apply the term “management” to the handling of older children and even of adolescents (Abbott, 1871; Shearer, 1904). On the whole, “written for the young and inexperienced mother” (Bull, 1840, p. iii), they display in a plain familiar style medical and paramedical advice, descriptions of pathologies and treatments as well as hints on moral and physical education, with a particular view on hygiene. Most of these books pay great attention to the mother's and her children's environment and sanitary condition.…”

Section: The First Meanings Of the Term “Management”mentioning

confidence: 99%

The first systematized uses of the term “management” in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Texier¹

2013

Journal of Management History

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Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:448207 [] For AuthorsIf you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -The aim of this paper is to seek to reveal the familial roots of modern management thought, largely overlooked by a vast majority of management historians. Design/methodology/approach -Using a hermeneutic approach, the early uses of the word "management" are analyzed, as well as the different literature where it is the most frequently employed. Findings -"Management" does not mean primarily "business management." Rather, the first meanings of this word refer to the family realm. As such, the development of early management thought is not a matter of technical or scientific innovation, nor is it a matter of institutional size or profit. For a long time, management practices have concerned things more than people. In the twentieth century, the principle of control comes to supersede the principles of care and self-government.Research limitations/implications -The paper's findings call for another history of management thought, as against the too narrow histories of modern business management and the too inclusive histories of management as an ancestral and universal practice. Practical implications -This research sheds light on two forgotten roots of management thought: the principles of care and of self-government, which management practitioners could bring up-to-date. By presenting the family as the first locus of true "management" thought, it is an invitation to draw from domestic ways of governing. Originality/value -The historical material here analyzed remains largely unknown to management historians. The method, focusing on text analysis rather than on the study of practices, remains rare in the field of management history.

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Breath-Holding Spells

Hinman¹

1956

AMA Am J Dis Child

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BREATH-HOLDING spells are defined as a temporary interruption of respiration at the end of the expiratory phase, leading to mild cyanosis, unconsciousness, or convulsive seizures of either a tonic or clonic nature. In their developmental sequence there is at first crying, then a long, sustained expiratory cry without a succeeding inspiration; cyanosis replaces the previous flushing of the face (although sometimes pallor is more marked than cyanosis) ; then there is a stiffening of the limbs, usually in extension, followed by loss of consciousness, relaxation, inspiration, and, in a short time, recovery. In some cases, loss of consciousness is followed by generalized clonic movements of the extremities. In nearly all cases, the precipitating factor is either injury or frustration and the resulting anger, or a combination of both.The spells are said to be an early infantile form of temper tantrum\p=m-\a primitive expression of anger or frustration. Such being the case, it is not surprising to find them occurring most frequently in the last half of the first year and during the second year of life. They are extremely rare beyond the age of 5 years, although there are probably no completely accurate figures to be had on this point, since many cases never get to a doctor or a clinic, being handled by intrafamilial disciplinary means. HISTORY AND ETIOLOGYThe literature on breath-holding spells is relatively meager, and there is a good bit of confusion in the older references between breath-holding spells and other forms of respiratory arrest. The earliest reference to be found is that of Barthez and Rilliet,1 who felt that it was impossible to differentiate the "suppression of breathing with accompanying suffocative inspiration that presents itself frequently in angry children from spasm of the glottis." They recognized that the attacks frequently ended in an "epileptic seizure," but felt there was no need to differentiate them from "inward convulsions" (their term for spasm of the glottis related to tetany), as the history of preceding anger was suffi¬ cient to distinguish the two entities.Reference is also made to breath-holding spells by Meigs,2 who cites the above authors x and who gives a description of the affection to which we can add but little 100 years later. He felt that the condition is "a sudden spasm of all the respiratory muscles" and differentiated it from laryngeal stridor and tetany. He ascribed it most commonly to contradiction, but stated that "fright, pain, or crying" could also cause it. He felt that it was connected with dentition in children of nervous temperament.Bull,3 in 1853, advised mothers to "plunge the hand, or both, into cold water; this will induce gasping or sighing, and so the breath will be drawn."Smith,4 in 1869, felt that breath-holding spells probably were best classified with laryngismus stridulus, tetany, and spasm of the glottis, but differed from them in that he believed the primary spasm in breath-holding

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The Maternal Management of Children, in Health and Disease

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Lethal Lullabies

Lethal Lullabies

The first systematized uses of the term “management” in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Breath-Holding Spells

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