The mating projections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans show key characteristics of hyphal growth

Chapa-y-Lazo, Bernardo; Lee, Sheu; Regan, Hannah; Sudbery, Peter E.

doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.001

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, in contrast to germ tubes, which ultimately form a septin ring at the future site of nuclear division, no septin ring forms in the shmoo projection, even in shmoos of significant length ( Fig. 2D and E); this pattern is in agreement with that recently observed for a Cdc10-GFP fusion construct (10). However, the overall movement of Myo5p during shmoo growth is similar to that in hyphae ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…2A, B, and C). Recently, a detailed analysis of this Spitzenkörper-like structure in shmoos has been performed for both S. cerevisiae and C. albicans (10). In this work, a clear Spit- zenkörper-like localization of FM4-64 was observed in C. albicans 1 h after induction by ␣-factor but was not detected in shmoos growing for 3 h. It is likely that we observed a less-compact FM4-64 staining, since we were observing shmoos forming by cellular stimulation rather than by artificial pheromone addition, and we were monitoring the cells at the later stages of shmoo formation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motor Protein Myo5p Is Required To Maintain the Regulatory Circuit Controlling WOR1 Expression in Candida albicans

2012

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ABSTRACTTheCandida albicans MYO5gene encodes myosin I, a protein required for the formation of germ tubes and true hyphae. Because the polarized growth of opaque-phase cells in response to pheromone results in mating projections that can resemble germ tubes, we examined the role of Myo5p in this process. We localized green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Myo5p in opaque-phase cells ofC. albicansduring both bud and shmoo formation. In vegetatively growing opaque cells, Myo5p is found at sites of bud emergence and bud growth, while in pheromone-stimulated cells, Myo5p localizes at the growing tips of shmoos. Intriguingly, cells homozygous forMTLain which theMYO5gene was deleted failed to switch efficiently from the white phase to the opaque phase, although ectopic expression ofWOR1from theMET3promoter can convertmyo5mutants into mating-competent opaque cells. However, whenWOR1expression was shut off, themyo5-defective cells rapidly lost both their opaque phenotype and mating competence, suggesting that Myo5p is involved in the maintenance of the opaque state. WhenMYO5is expressed conditionally in opaque cells, the opaque phenotype, as well as the mating ability of the cells, becomes unstable under repressive conditions, and quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the shutoff ofMYO5expression correlates with a dramatic reduction inWOR1expression. It appears that while myosin I is not directly required for mating inC. albicans, it is involved inWOR1expression and the white-opaque transition and thus is indirectly implicated in mating.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Protein Myo5p Is Required To Maintain the Regulatory Circuit Controlling WOR1 Expression in Candida albicans

2012

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“…In A. gossypii , the accumulation of polarisome and exocyst components into an apical cap alone or an apical cap plus subtending Spk was associated with hyphal growth velocity, in that an increased extension rate of the tip coincided with the formation of a Spk [18]. Notably, very recently Spk-like vesicle accumulations have been identified at the tips of growing mating projections of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans , suggesting that more characteristics of hyphal tip growth have been conserved in yeasts than previously thought [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Comparative Live-Cell Imaging Analyses of SPA-2, BUD-6 and BNI-1 in Neurospora crassa Reveal Novel Features of the Filamentous Fungal Polarisome

et al. 2012

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A key multiprotein complex involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and secretory machinery required for polarized growth in fungi, is the polarisome. Recognized core constituents in budding yeast are the proteins Spa2, Pea2, Aip3/Bud6, and the key effector Bni1. Multicellular fungi display a more complex polarized morphogenesis than yeasts, suggesting that the filamentous fungal polarisome might fulfill additional functions. In this study, we compared the subcellular organization and dynamics of the putative polarisome components BUD-6 and BNI-1 with those of the bona fide polarisome marker SPA-2 at various developmental stages of Neurospora crassa. All three proteins exhibited a yeast-like polarisome configuration during polarized germ tube growth, cell fusion, septal pore plugging and tip repolarization. However, the localization patterns of all three proteins showed spatiotemporally distinct characteristics during the establishment of new polar axes, septum formation and cytokinesis, and maintained hyphal tip growth. Most notably, in vegetative hyphal tips BUD-6 accumulated as a subapical cloud excluded from the Spitzenkörper (Spk), whereas BNI-1 and SPA-2 partially colocalized with the Spk and the tip apex. Novel roles during septal plugging and cytokinesis, connected to the reinitiation of tip growth upon physical injury and conidial maturation, were identified for BUD-6 and BNI-1, respectively. Phenotypic analyses of gene deletion mutants revealed additional functions for BUD-6 and BNI-1 in cell fusion regulation, and the maintenance of Spk integrity. Considered together, our findings reveal novel polarisome-independent functions of BUD-6 and BNI-1 in Neurospora, but also suggest that all three proteins cooperate at plugged septal pores, and their complex arrangement within the apical dome of mature hypha might represent a novel aspect of filamentous fungal polarisome architecture.

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“…Opaque cells are the mating-competent form of C. albicans and respond to pheromones by forming mating projections that can be many times the length of the original opaque cell [16], [17]. Furthermore, opaque mating projections contain a Spitzenkörper-like structure in which the myosin regulatory light chain protein, Mlc1, localizes to a characteristic ball at the growing tip of the cell [18], [64]. The fact that opaque cells can form a Spitzenkörper indicates that these cell types undergo highly polarized growth by a mechanism similar to that in truly filamentous fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One indication that opaques may form filaments under specialized conditions came from studies using a perfusion chamber; opaque cells attached to the wall of the chamber formed hyphae, but did not do so when grown in suspension [15]. Additionally, opaque cells can undergo polarized growth in response to mating pheromones, establishing that these cell types are competent for filament-like growth [16]–[18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans White and Opaque Cells Undergo Distinct Programs of Filamentous Growth

Hernday

Hirakawa

et al. 2013

PLoS Pathog

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The ability to switch between yeast and filamentous forms is central to Candida albicans biology. The yeast-hyphal transition is implicated in adherence, tissue invasion, biofilm formation, phagocyte escape, and pathogenesis. A second form of morphological plasticity in C. albicans involves epigenetic switching between white and opaque forms, and these two states exhibit marked differences in their ability to undergo filamentation. In particular, filamentous growth in white cells occurs in response to a number of environmental conditions, including serum, high temperature, neutral pH, and nutrient starvation, whereas none of these stimuli induce opaque filamentation. Significantly, however, we demonstrate that opaque cells can undergo efficient filamentation but do so in response to distinct environmental cues from those that elicit filamentous growth in white cells. Growth of opaque cells in several environments, including low phosphate medium and sorbitol medium, induced extensive filamentous growth, while white cells did not form filaments under these conditions. Furthermore, while white cell filamentation is often enhanced at elevated temperatures such as 37°C, opaque cell filamentation was optimal at 25°C and was inhibited by higher temperatures. Genetic dissection of the opaque filamentation pathway revealed overlapping regulation with the filamentous program in white cells, including key roles for the transcription factors EFG1, UME6, NRG1 and RFG1. Gene expression profiles of filamentous white and opaque cells were also compared and revealed only limited overlap between these programs, although UME6 was induced in both white and opaque cells consistent with its role as master regulator of filamentation. Taken together, these studies establish that a program of filamentation exists in opaque cells. Furthermore, this program regulates a distinct set of genes and is under different environmental controls from those operating in white cells.

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The mating projections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans show key characteristics of hyphal growth

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Motor Protein Myo5p Is Required To Maintain the Regulatory Circuit Controlling WOR1 Expression in Candida albicans

Motor Protein Myo5p Is Required To Maintain the Regulatory Circuit Controlling WOR1 Expression in Candida albicans

Comparative Live-Cell Imaging Analyses of SPA-2, BUD-6 and BNI-1 in Neurospora crassa Reveal Novel Features of the Filamentous Fungal Polarisome

Candida albicans White and Opaque Cells Undergo Distinct Programs of Filamentous Growth

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