The maturation of the egg of the mouse, by J. A. Long and E. L. Mark.

Long, Joseph Abraham; Mark, Edward Laurens

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.20756

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A similar phenomenon was noted in the rat (Austin and Braden 1954b) and it was suggested that maturation of the egg membranes after ovulation was necessary before sperm penetration could occur. Long and Mark (1911) thought that the pronuclei were formed within a few minutes of sperm penetration in the mouse; however, the present observations show that this is not so. Sobotta (1895) concluded that the interval required was of the order of 1 hr, but even this estimate appears to be low.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Comparison is difficult, however, because, in three instances, the first post-partum oestrus was used; the time relations of oestrus, ovulation, sperm transport, and the penetration of the eggs may well be different under such circumstances. The estimates given were 6-10 hr (Gerlach 1906), 4-7 hr (Long and Mark 1911), and 3-4 hr (Merton 1939). Mating at the second oestrus post-partum was employed by Sobotta (1895), whereas Lewis and Wright ( 1935) and the present authors used virgin females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fertilization of the Mouse Egg and the Effect of Delayed Coitus and of Hot-Shock Treatment

Braden¹,

Austin²

1954

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

112

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A total of 329 mated adult mice was used in the investigations. The mean number of eggs per mouse recovered from 171 mice killed 3-15 hr after ovulation was 8·10 (S.D. 1·94).In mice maintained under conditions of controlled illumination (light from 3, to 5 a.m., dark from 5 a.m. to 3 p.m.) ovulation began about 11 a.m. and was virtually complete by 4 p.m. The average interval between the ovulation and sperm penetration of an egg was about 5 hr. The sperms spent a mean time of about 35 min in the perivitelline space before entering the vitellus; after a further mean interval of about 2% hr the early pronuclei were seen.The mean delay between the beginning of ovulation and the beginning of sperm penetration, in anyone mouse, was 2*-3 hr. The mean time required for the majority (~%) of the eggs in anyone mouse to be penetrated by sperms, once penetration had begun, was 3Jf.-4 hr. A mean number of 18·6 sperms per tube was found at the site of fertilization shortly after ovulation.Mice kept under natural lighting conditions were not permitted coitus until 8-8.45 a.m. Sperm penetration of the eggs began between 9 and 9.30 a.m. Once penetration had begun, the average period required for the penetration by sperms of at least three-quarters of the eggs in anyone mouse was about 2 hr. The mean number of sperms at the site of fertilization at 9, 9.30, and 10 a.m. was 6·3, 7·9, and 20·6 sperms per tube, respectively. These findings are discussed in relation to the concept that sperms need to spend a period in the female tract to capacitate them for the penetration of the eggs.The incidence of polyspermy in mouse eggs was not increased by delaying coitus until 3-7 hr after ovulation.Hot-shock treatment applied to the eggs of mice 3 hr after mating increased the incidence of polyspermy (dispermy) from 0·3 to 3·8 per cent. and of eggs exhibiting suppression of the second polar body from 0·5 to 12·4 per cent. Several other forms of abnormal fertilization were also observed. It is considered that the triploidy reported in mouse embryos following hot-shock treatment of the eggs probably arose in most instances through suppression of second polar body formation, and only occasionally through polyspermic fertilization.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilization of the Mouse Egg and the Effect of Delayed Coitus and of Hot-Shock Treatment

Braden¹,

Austin²

1954

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

112

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“…The homogeneous phase of tuberculosis, as disclosed by this study, seems to have been overlooked in most investigations of the immediate response to infection (9)(10)(11)(12). Possible reasons for this are: (1) methods used to induce infections may have implanted more than single organisms in the average focus, (2) the rate of tubercle development is not the same in all tissues, and (3) the rate of tubercle development may differ with the species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Tuberculosis of Rabbits Induced by Droplet Nuclei Infection

Ratcliffe

Wells

1948

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Rabbits were caused to inhale known numbers of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli as separated cells in droplet nuclei. For approximately 5 weeks after infection the growth of the bacilli and the response of rabbits to their growth was homogeneous; i.e., all reacted in the same way and to the same degree. After 6 weeks individual differences in the rate of progress of the initial tubercles and of the infection as a whole became evident. These variations in the response seemed to be influenced by the number of initial tubercles and by the number of bacilli found in the lesions. It is concluded that, as evidenced by the homogeneous phase of infection, rabbits do not differ in their resistance to initial growth of bovine tubercle bacilli. However, the later, heterogeneous pattern of response suggests that these animals vary widely in their capacity to acquire resistance.

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“…The participation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the cellular response of experimental animals to the injection of tubercle bacilli was first convincingly demonstrated in the histological studies of Borrel (1) and has been investigated often during recent years. Thus it has been shown in guinea pigs and rabbits that the bacilli are phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leucocytes immediately upon coming into contact with these phagocytic cells and that the latter undergo a characteristic clumping, apparently as a result of engulfing the bacilli (2,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Tubercle Bacilli on the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes of Normal Animals

Martin

Pierce

Middlebrook

et al. 1950

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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A description is given of a slide cell whereby the rate of migration of very small amounts of leucocytes can be followed and measured. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was found to be inhibited by virulent tubercle bacilli pathogenic for the class of animal (mammal or bird) from which the leucocytes were obtained; it was not affected by the avirulent variants of these microorganisms, or by bacilli pathogenic for animals of the other class. Tests failed to disclose that the inhibition of leucocytic migration resulted from any gross damage caused by the bacilli to the leucocytes.

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The maturation of the egg of the mouse, by J. A. Long and E. L. Mark.

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Fertilization of the Mouse Egg and the Effect of Delayed Coitus and of Hot-Shock Treatment

Fertilization of the Mouse Egg and the Effect of Delayed Coitus and of Hot-Shock Treatment

Tuberculosis of Rabbits Induced by Droplet Nuclei Infection

The Effect of Tubercle Bacilli on the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes of Normal Animals

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