The maturity of Silurian Longmaxi shale in Jiaoshiba, Sichuan Basin: as revealed by laser Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

Accurate estimates of the thermal maturity of organic matter are important in studies of shale oil and gas, as these data are directly related to the genesis type of shale gas, adsorption capacity of shale and formation of organic pores in organic-rich shale. Longmaxi shale is a major shale gas exploration target in South China and a typical overmature shale gas play. Because Longmaxi shale is Silurian marine strata without vitrinites, it is difficult to determine its maturity accurately. In order to evaluate the maturity of the Longmaxi shale exactly, in this paper, solid bitumen reflectance, basin modeling and laser Raman spectroscopy analyses of solid bitumen were carried out on the shale. The solid bitumen reflectance of Longmaxi shale is range of 2.77–4.14% with a mean of 3.5%, and the corresponding equivalent vitrinite reflectance (EqVRo) is 2.6%; additional information about the maturation is provided by the basin modeling with the constraint of the maximum paleo-geothermal about 210–220 °C which was indicated by thermo-acoustic emission measurement, fluid inclusion thermometry and equivalent vitrinite reflectance. In addition, the Raman was applied to Longmaxi shale in Jiaoshiba firstly, and the Raman inter-peak interval between peak G (graphitic band) and peak D (disordered band) is range of 270–279 cm−1, which suggests that equivalent vitrinite reflectance is about 2.67% and is consistent with the results of solid bitumen reflectance, infrared spectrum and basin simulation. Approximate conclusions have been drawn from these different methods, and the thermal evolution of Longmaxi shale in Jiaoshhiba area, the largest shale gas field in China, was estimated at approximately 2.5–2.7%, which means that it has reached the overmature dry gas stage. Overall, the findings also imply that Raman spectra of pyrobitumen can be used effectively to evaluate the maturation of the marine shale without vitrinites.

Comparison and Significance between Low- and Normal-Resistivity Shales of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Changning Area, Southern Sichuan Basin

“…Laser Raman spectroscopy is a type of inelastic scattering spectroscopy that can reflect structural changes occurring during the transformation of carbon-containing materials into graphite. The Raman spectra of solid organic matter typically exhibit D and G peaks. − Additionally, second-order Raman peaks, known as G ′ peaks (or graphite peaks), are commonly observed in the Raman spectra of highly overmature organic matter entering the graphitization stage. The intensity of this peak is correlated with the degree of graphite development.…”

Molecular Insights into CO2-Rich Industrial Waste Gas Enhanced Shale Gas Recovery and Sequestration in Real Shale Gas Reservoirs

“…In this work, the shale composition of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation, one of the most promising shale gas reservoirs in China, ,, was employed as the basis for modeling. The shale composition data for the Fuling (FL) sampling area in Lower Silurian Longmaxi used were analyzed by Jia et al, which are listed in Table below .…”