“…2 We operationalize stigma by first focusing on social distance (Studies 1 and 2), as has been done in the disability hierarchy and attribution literatures (Grue et al, 2015; Olkin & Howson, 1994; Richardson et al, 1961; Shears & Jensema, 1969; Thomas, 2000; Tringo, 1970; Westbrook et al, 1993). Subsequently, in Study 3, we examine stigmatizing cognitions (i.e., blame), emotions (i.e., anger, pity), and behaviors (i.e., social distance, help), as has been done in the disability attribution research (Juvonen, 1991, 1992; Stump et al, 2016; Weiner et al, 1988).…”