The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods

Jensen, Mark P.; Karoly, Paul; Braver, Sanford L.

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9

Cited by 2,747 publications

(1,673 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale (CES‐D) was used to measure levels of depressive symptomatology, ranging from 0 to 60 (indicating a low to high level of depressive state) (Radloff, 1977). The psychometric properties of the NRS‐11 (Jensen et al., 1986), reliability and validity of the SF‐36 (Ware, 2000) and test–retest reliability and validity of the CES‐D (Devins et al., 1988) have been investigated with good results. The presence and severity of comorbid conditions (Table 1) were measured using a previously validated inventory (Vermeulen, 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A population‐based, incidence cohort study of mid‐back pain after traffic collisions: Factors associated with global recovery

Johansson

Boyle

Hartvigsen

et al. 2015

European Journal of Pain

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BackgroundTraffic collisions often result in a wide range of symptoms included in the umbrella term whiplash‐associated disorders. Mid‐back pain (MBP) is one of these symptoms. The incidence and prognosis of different traffic injuries and their related conditions (e.g. neck pain, low back pain, depression or others) has been investigated previously; however, knowledge about traffic collision‐related MBP is lacking. The study objectives were to describe the incidence, course of recovery and prognosis of MBP after traffic collisions, in terms of global self‐reported recovery.MethodsLongitudinal data from a population‐based inception cohort of all traffic injuries occurring in Saskatchewan, Canada, during a 2‐year period were used. Annual overall and age‐sex‐specific incidence rates were calculated, the course of recovery was described using the Kaplan–Meier technique, and associations between participant characteristics and time‐to‐self‐reported recovery were explored in 3496 MBP cases using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsThe yearly incidence rate was 236 per 100,000 population during the study period, and was highest in women and in young persons. The median time‐to‐first reported recovery was 101 days (95% CI: 99–104) and about 23% were still not recovered after 1 year. Participant's expectation for recovery, general health, extent of severely affecting comorbidities and having experienced a previous traffic injury were some of the prognostic factors identified.ConclusionsThese findings show that MBP is common after traffic collisions, may result in a long recovery process and that a range of biopsychosocial factors are associated with recovery.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A population‐based, incidence cohort study of mid‐back pain after traffic collisions: Factors associated with global recovery

Johansson

Boyle

Hartvigsen

et al. 2015

European Journal of Pain

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“…Severity of gastrointestinal symptoms, Raynaud's phenomenon, and breathing problems in the past week was measured using 11-point numerical rating scales (NRS; 0 ϭ no disease, 10 ϭ very severe disease) derived from the visual analog scales (VAS) in the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (30). NRS measures perform similarly to VAS measures, but are generally easier to score (31).…”

Section: Significance and Innovationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates and correlates of sexual activity and impairment among women with systemic sclerosis

Levis

Hudson

Knafo

et al. 2012

Arthritis Care & Research

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Objective. To assess 1) the rates of sexual activity and impairment, 2) clinical correlates of sexual activity/impairment, and 3) common sources of pain during and after sex in a large sample of female patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Methods. We performed a cross-sectional multicenter study of female SSc patients from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group Registry. Patients underwent medical examinations and clinical histories and were asked whether they had engaged in sexual activities with their partner in the past 4 weeks. Sexually active patients completed a 9-item version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and items related to problems that may be linked to sexual dysfunction in SSc. Multivariate logistic regressions assessed independent predictors of activity/inactivity and sexual dysfunction. Results. A total of 226 (41%) of 547 patients, including 215 (54%) of the 401 patients currently in relationships, reported having engaged in sexual activities with a partner in the past 4 weeks. Among 165 sexually active patients with complete data for all variables, 102 (62%) had FSFI total scores <22.5, indicating impaired function. Seventeen percent of the patients were sexually active and not impaired. Independent predictors (P < 0.05) of sexual activity were younger age, fewer gastrointestinal symptoms, and less severe Raynaud's phenomenon symptoms. Sexual impairment was independently associated with older age, higher skin scores, and more severe breathing problems. Vaginal pain was 8 times more likely among women with impairment. Conclusion.Research is needed to compare the extent of activity and impairment in SSc compared to women without SSc and to develop interventions to address impaired sexual function in women with SSc.

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“…Intensity of pain Pain intensity was assessed using numerical rating scales (NRS), 32 ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most intense pain imaginable). Participants were asked to rate the intensity of their present pain when most intense and when least intense.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

2003

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Study design: Postal survey. Objectives: Because of the high prevalence and inadequate control of pain following spinal cord injury (SCI), it is important to have information about the factors associated with the use of specific pain therapies. We conducted this study to evaluate the ability of pain characteristics and psychosocial factors to predict the use of treatments. Setting: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis (Miami, FL, USA). Methods: People with SCI (n ¼ 120) were mailed a packet containing a questionnaire with questions regarding demographic factors, pain characteristics, and pain treatments along with a copy of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Results: A total of 59% of the respondents had been prescribed treatment or self-initiated efforts to treat pain over the previous 18-month period. The most common treatments used by this sample were massage (26.6%), opioids (22.5%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (20%). The most effective treatments overall were 'physical therapies' with 50% receiving these treatments indicating that their pain was 'considerably reduced' or that they were 'pain free.' Opioids and anticonvulsants were perceived to be the most effective pharmacological agents prescribed (33.3 and 23.8% reporting their pain was considerably better or eliminated, respectively). People using prescription medication reported significantly greater pain severity, more widespread pain, more descriptive adjectives, more evoked pain, greater difficulty in dealing with pain, and more interference and decreased activity levels due to pain, compared to people not using prescription medication. A combination of greater difficulty in dealing with pain, intense pain, presence of evoked pain, and higher level of perceived support from significant others was predictive of taking prescription medication. Conclusion: People taking prescription medication reported significantly more intense pain with neuropathic characteristics that significantly affected daily life and routine activities. A substantial percentage of individuals with pain related to SCI did not obtain significant pain relief from prescription medications. None of the factors assessed predicted the use of nonprescription treatments. The results of this study confirm the inadequacy of available modalities to manage chronic pain related to SCI.

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The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods

Cited by 2,747 publications

References 17 publications

A population‐based, incidence cohort study of mid‐back pain after traffic collisions: Factors associated with global recovery

A population‐based, incidence cohort study of mid‐back pain after traffic collisions: Factors associated with global recovery

Rates and correlates of sexual activity and impairment among women with systemic sclerosis

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

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