The Measurement of Electrical Conductivity in Detonating Condensed Explosives

Tasker, D.G.; Lee, Richard J.; Gustavson, P. K.

doi:10.21236/ada264482

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…If DP unloading is prevented for a certain time, as it was done in the present work, the slow stage of kinetics of energy release for HEs with a high content of carbon will involve an increase in temperature and, hence, and conductivity growth by the law (2). Then, based on the measured dependence of DP conductivity on time, we can estimate the increase in temperature at the stage of slow kinetics:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Finally, we should note that Tasker and Lee [2], who described the measured results of the kinetics of electrical conductivity of detonation products of plasticbonded HMX, found that the peak of high electrical conductivity with a duration of 0.1 μsec was followed by a "tail" with a duration of about 1 μsec, where the electrical conductivity decreased very slowly. Retardation of electrical conductivity reduction at the second stage was interpreted in [2] as a consequence of slow energy release in the course of growth of carbon nanoparticles in detonation products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…It should be emphasized that the assumption of a thermal mechanism is considered here as a working hypothesis whose validity will be evaluated by analyzing experimental data. A typical feature of the thermal mechanism of conductivity is the specific exponential dependence of conductivity on DP temperature (2). If such a dependence really occurs, the slow stage of the increase in DP conductivity may result from the increase in DP temperature after the chemical reaction is completed, which is possible if there is a certain slow exothermal process in detonation products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retardation of electrical conductivity reduction at the second stage was interpreted in [2] as a consequence of slow energy release in the course of growth of carbon nanoparticles in detonation products. Thus, the effects of slow energy release may be manifested even in HEs with a moderate contents of condensed carbon in detonation products, though this manifestation is definitely less pronounced than that in TATB, where the contribution of condensed carbon to the total caloric power plays the governing role.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important exception is the lowsensitive triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) high explosive. Limited experimental information on its electrical conductivity can be found in [2], where the results of integral measurements of electrical conductivity of plastic-bonded TATB are given, and in a recent paper [3], where the electrical conductivity of plastic-bonded TATB was measured with a high time resolution for the first time. The measured electrical conductivity of plastic-bonded TATB under comparatively low pressures (≈15 GPa) typical of the detonation-initiation process was analyzed in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Kinetics of electrical conductivity of TATB detonation products as an indicator of growth of carbon nanoparticles

Gorshkov

Grebenkin

Zherebtsov

et al. 2007

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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Two stages of growth of electrical conductivity of detonation products of plasticbonded TATB are registered: a fast stage with a characteristic time of 0.1 µsec, which is commensurable with the time of chemical reactions, and a subsequent slow stage, which lasts for 0.5-1.0 µsec until specimen unloading begins. Under the assumption of the thermal mechanism of conductivity emergence, the second stage could be caused by an increase in temperature due to slow energy release in the course of growth of carbon nanoparticles in explosion products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Kinetics of electrical conductivity of TATB detonation products as an indicator of growth of carbon nanoparticles

Gorshkov

Grebenkin

Zherebtsov

et al. 2007

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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Effects of Aluminum Content on TNT Detonation and Aluminum Combustion using Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Zhou

Nie

Zeng

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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To improve the understanding how aluminum contributes in non‐ideal explosive mixtures, cast‐cured formulations were analyzed in a series of electrical conductivity experiments. Five types of TNT‐based aluminized explosives, with aluminum mass fractions from 0 % to 20 % were considered in this study. The electrical conductivity of the detonation products in aluminized explosives was measured using an improved conductivity measurement method. The conductivity measurement results show that the detonation process of TNT‐based aluminized explosives can be divided into two stages: the first stage is the detonation reaction of TNT, and the second stage is the combustion reaction of aluminum with the detonation products. In the first stage, the duration of the TNT detonation increases with increased aluminum content; examination of the peak conductivities of the explosives with various aluminum contents indicated that a higher aluminum content is associated with a lower peak conductivity. Additionally, the ignition time of Al in the second stage is also determined. This work not only presents a means for studying the detonation process of aluminized explosives at 0–2.21 μs, but it also verified the relationship between the aluminum content and electrical conductivity in detonation products.

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Pressure and temperature induced red-shift of the sodium D-line during HMX deflagration

Morley

Williamson

2020

Commun Chem

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The sodium D-line is often present in optical spectra of combustion due to its high prevalence and emissivity. Collision theory predicts the spectral peak to have a red-shift dependent on pressure, P, and temperature, T. Here we show that the conditions reached during deflagration of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) permit the red-shift of the sodium D-line to be calibrated to 1.5 GPa. Deflagration at these pressures is achieved using a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus, with temperatures of circa 2900 K from the greybody continuum away from spectral features. Lower deflagration pressures, of 0.5 to 0.9 GPa, are achieved in a fallhammer test, with temperatures of circa 4000 K. The red-shift exhibits the predicted PT −0.7 dependence with a constant of proportionality of (950 ± 30) GPa -1 · K 0.7 · nm. Using the serendipitous presence of sodium, this optical technique allows for fast measurements of both pressure and temperature from the same light source in one measurement.

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The Measurement of Electrical Conductivity in Detonating Condensed Explosives

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Kinetics of electrical conductivity of TATB detonation products as an indicator of growth of carbon nanoparticles

Kinetics of electrical conductivity of TATB detonation products as an indicator of growth of carbon nanoparticles

Effects of Aluminum Content on TNT Detonation and Aluminum Combustion using Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Pressure and temperature induced red-shift of the sodium D-line during HMX deflagration

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