The Measurement of Plumbosolvency Propensity to Guide the Control of Lead in Tapwaters

Colling, John; Whincup, P. A. E.; Hayes, Colin

doi:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01224.x

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Laboratory plumbosolvency testing was undertaken by the standard method developed by Colling et al (1987Colling et al ( , 1992 for the major works requiring ortho-phosphate dosing and for a representative selection of the minor works requiring ortho-phosphate dosing. Testing involves pumping test water through sections of new lead piping at 258C with a water-pipe contact time of 30 minutes and measuring the lead emissions over a four week period.…”

Section: Ortho-phosphate Dose Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in Wales (UK) of the optimisation of ortho-phosphate dosing for controlling lead in drinking water

Hayes

Incledion

Balch

2008

Journal of Water and Health

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Dwr Cymru Welsh Water supplies over three million people with drinking water throughout most of Wales (UK). Ortho-phosphate has increasingly been dosed at around 1 mg/L (P) to further reduce the corrosivity of supplies to the lead pipes which connect approximately 30% of houses to water mains in the company's area, additional to long-establish pH adjustment measures. The installation of new ortho-phosphate dosing schemes and the optimisation of these and existing dosing schemes, 29 schemes in total, were subject to a regulatory programme of work, agreed with the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI). Optimisation comprised (i) selection of appropriate ortho-phosphate doses by a procedure involving laboratory based plumbosolvency testing linked to zonal lead emission (compliance) modelling, (ii) tight dose control and (iii) extensive monitoring of lead in supply by random daytime (RDT) sampling and by the use of lead pipe test rigs. The successful outcome was confirmed by 99% of over 5,000 RDT samples complying with the future standard of 10 microg/L for lead in drinking water.

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Section: Ortho-phosphate Dose Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in Wales (UK) of the optimisation of ortho-phosphate dosing for controlling lead in drinking water

Hayes

Incledion

Balch

2008

Journal of Water and Health

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“…Although a wide range of doses have been applied (<0.1 to >1 mg/L as P), doses in the range of 1 to 1.6 mg/L as P are recommended for limiting lead corrosion by‐product release (Edwards et al, 1999). For example, an 80% decrease in lead concentration has been observed with a dose of 1 mg/L as P (Colling et al, 1988). Other researchers reported that lead concentrations decreased to <15 μg/L with a dose of 1.5 mg/L as P in pipe‐loop testing with both new and old lead pipes (Cantor et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of stannous chloride and phosphate for lead corrosion control

Hozalski¹,

Esbri-Amador²,

Chen³

2005

Journal AWWA

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Because of health hazards associated with lead toxicity, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1991 promulgated the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), which established an action level for lead at 15 μg/L as Pb. Even though lead pipes are no longer installed in U.S. distribution systems, many cities still have lead service connections that can release lead into the water. To help control lead concentrations, many water utilities add corrosion inhibitors to the treated water to create a protective scale layer on pipe walls. In this research, a 13‐month study investigated the effects of corrosion control chemicals on lead release and bacterial growth in a pipe‐loop system of new ductile‐iron and lead pipes. The five parallel lines in the study consisted of a control loop plus four loops testing orthophosphate, polyphosphate, an orthophosphate‐polyphosphate blend, and stannous chloride. Total lead concentrations in the treated loops were significantly lower than in the untreated control, with orthophosphate yielding the lowest lead concentrations of all of the chemicals tested. However, none of the chemicals consistently maintained lead concentrations below the 15‐μg/L action level for the 8‐hour stagnation time sample. The microbiological results suggest that utilities should exercise caution when adding corrosion control chemicals in order to ensure that reduced corrosion is not achieved at the expense of other water quality indicators. For utilities concerned about phosphate's effects on microbiological water quality, stannous chloride may represent a viable option to help them achieve LCR compliance.

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“…Extensive laboratory-based plumbosolvency testing in the UK using the method of Colling et al (1987) indicates (Hayes 2007) that all types of drinking water in supply are likely to be sufficiently plumbosolvent so as to cause non-compliance with both the EU standards for lead (i.e. 10 and 25 mg l 21 ) wherever lead pipes are present Taken together, these two studies suggest that around 65% of houses that have a lead pipe, either as a connection pipe or as internal piping, can be expected to exceed the EU's lead standard of 10 mg l 21 , unless corrosion inhibitor is dosed (and correctly so), which in the EU is not common outside the UK.…”

Section: Emerging Evidence Of Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there still a problem with lead in drinking water in the European Union?

Hayes

Skubala

2009

Journal of Water and Health

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The presence of lead in drinking water poses a range of risks to human health, including the retardation of some aspects of child development, the inducement of abortion, and other clinical disorders. The extent of these risks has not been quantified at the European Union (EU) scale.A number of sampling methods are in use across the EU, some of which are inadequate for determining the concentrations of lead in drinking water at consumers' taps. In consequence, non-compliance with the EU standards for lead in drinking water has been under-estimated.Emerging data indicates significant non-compliance with these standards in some countries, particularly with the 10 mg l 21 standard that will become a legal requirement in 2013; the current interim standard of 25 mg l 21 is also exceeded in some locations. An initial estimate is that 25% of domestic dwellings in the EU have a lead pipe, either as a connection to the water main, or as part of the internal plumbing, or both, potentially putting 120 million people at risk from lead in drinking water within the EU. These issues are relevant to the implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health and to drinking water safety planning.

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The Measurement of Plumbosolvency Propensity to Guide the Control of Lead in Tapwaters

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

Experience in Wales (UK) of the optimisation of ortho-phosphate dosing for controlling lead in drinking water

Experience in Wales (UK) of the optimisation of ortho-phosphate dosing for controlling lead in drinking water

Comparison of stannous chloride and phosphate for lead corrosion control

Is there still a problem with lead in drinking water in the European Union?

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