The measurement of the degree of foreign involvement

Systematic risk and international diversification: An empirical perspective

“…SEG = the number of foreign segment of each firm in foreign country. 12 Nguyen and Cosset (1995) argue that international diversification has three facets: structural, performance related and behavioral. They find that different proxies can lead to different results and suggests that researchers should be cautious in drawing inferences and comparisons across studies using different measures of internationalization.…”

“…Therefore, the structural criterion for defining multinationality is the number of countries in which the firm operates(Nguyen & Cosset, 1995).…”

The degree of internationalization and the financial performance of European mobile network operators

“…Drawing on Nguyen and Cosset (1995), and Siegel, Omer, and Leavins (1995), three criteria were used to define a subsample of firms from all European MNO active in 2003 for which…”

How do we capture “Global Specialization” when measuring firms’ degree of globalization?

“…One of the most widely-used approaches is to measure foreign sales as a share of total sales (Dunning/Pearce 1981, Sullivan 1994), but several other variables has been dichotomized into home and abroad, such as pre-tax income (Chen et al 1997), profits (Nguyen/Cosset 1995), shareholders (Hassel et al 2003), employees, or value added (UNCTAD 2004). One of the most widely-used approaches is to measure foreign sales as a share of total sales (Dunning/Pearce 1981, Sullivan 1994), but several other variables has been dichotomized into home and abroad, such as pre-tax income (Chen et al 1997), profits (Nguyen/Cosset 1995), shareholders (Hassel et al 2003), employees, or value added (UNCTAD 2004).…”