The mechanical and physical properties of unfired earth bricks stabilized with gypsum and Elazığ Ferrochrome slag

Türkmen, İbrahim; Ekinci, Enes; Kantarcı, Fatih; Sarıcı, Talha

doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.12.003

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Other studies have found an increase in compressive strength, but the maximum value was 4.72 MPa for 25% gypsum addition (Degirmenci, 2008), which is higher than 1.86 MPa (maximum value in this study). Another study has found the same behaviour (Türkmen, Ekinci, Kantarcı, & Sarıcı, 2017), but the values were 4.58 MPa, which is higher than this research. Other studies have found an increase in strength just above 3 MPa (Pekmezcí, Kafescíoglu, & Agahzadeh, 2012).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Adobe bricks with sugarcane molasses and gypsum to enhance compressive strength in the city Cogua, Colombia

Cuervo

2020

rdlc

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This paper presents a case study over the effect of adobe bricks stabilized with gypsum, sugarcane molasses and both combinations on improving the compressive strength. These bricks were produced by a hand-made process, which was empirical and had not been analyzed. All samples had the same unit weigh and aspect ratio to obtain accurate data. An extensive series of test were conducted on adobe bricks stabilized with gypsum (5%, 10% and 15%), sugarcane molasses (5%, 10% and 15%), and gypsum in combination of sugarcane molasses (5%, 10% and 15%) which were cured for one month. From the test results it is showed that the grain size distribution was not optimum, which led to samples stabilized with gypsum alone and sugarcane molasses alone did not overcome the sample control strength. The former increased the strength, but the later decreased it. Although, the sample stabilized with 2.5% gypsum and 2.5% sugarcane molasses had the best strength (2.15 MPa). This case study will be useful to better understand the compressive strength on adobe bricks stabilized depends on percentage of clay and sand fraction, moisture content, and percentage of stabilizer, which means that natural stabilizers could be an environmental solution to improve mechanical behavior.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Adobe bricks with sugarcane molasses and gypsum to enhance compressive strength in the city Cogua, Colombia

Cuervo

2020

rdlc

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“…Three days after the casting, specimens were demoulded and kept in an open space in dry conditions (temperature ranged between 13.1°C-15.5°C and air humidity between 76.7%-80%) for 28 days for curing before testing. This curing procedure is in accordance with the New Zealand Code (NZA 4298, 1998) and was already used in previous research, also with non-cement stabilized earth samples (Türkmen et al, 2017).…”

Section: Sample Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raw earth-based building materials: An investigation on mechanical properties of Floridia soil-based adobes

Parlato

Porto

Cascone

2021

J Agricult Engineer

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Raw earth, like wood and stone, is one of the oldest building materials used across the world. Nowadays, given the growing role of circular economy, researchers are ever more interested in raw earth-based building materials, because they are widely available and environmentally friendly. The use of this traditional material has positive environmental consequences, especially in traditional rural building reuse and in rural landscape preservation. In fact, raw earth is locally available and totally recyclable and, thanks to its perfect integration into the landscape, it improves site visual perception. Additives and/or chemical stabilizer agents (i.e., Portland cement) are often used in the production of raw earthbased building components in order to increase their mechanical performance and durability. This production process reduces the environmental sustainability of the base material and causes a relevant increase on the embodied energy (i.e., the total energy required for the extraction, processing, manufacturing, and delivery of building components). This research work aimed at investigating how to improve the mix-design of earth-based building materials in order to increase their mechanical properties without any addition of chemical agents. A physical stabilization was performed on an original texture soil by adding various particle sizes. Mechanical tests were carried out on five different soil mixes by changing soil composition, aggregates, and water. Specimens made with mix-design 5 offered the best results in terms of flexural and compressive strength values which were 1.65 MPa and 6.74 MPa, respectively. Mix 3 obtained the lowest linear shrinkage rate (6.04%). Since raw earth-based materials are highly sensitive to soil composition and aggregates, this study attempted to obtain a repeatable process to produce semi-industrial adobes by optimizing and controlling various natural materials (i.e., soils, aggregates, and water).

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“…At the end of the curing period a series of tests was carried out in order to determine the primary engineering properties for the air-dried specimens in terms of water absorption, bulk density, soaking test and compressive strength. To simulate the manufacturing process, before every test, the specimens were dried naturally for 3 days at the lab ambient condition (air-dried specimen).The specimen's tests were carried out according to the following formulations: Water absorption test was measured using the relation (Ms-Md)/(Md), where Ms is the mass of saturated-dry specimen (g) after 24-h water soaking and Md is the mass of the air-dried specimen (g).The bulk density of the specimens was determined by dividing mass of the air-died specimen (g) over the volume of cylindrical specimen (cm 3 ).…”

Section: Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the cement industry, production of OPC is responsible for about 7% of all CO 2 generated worldwide [2]. So, for environmental protection and sustainable development, many researchers have studied the utilization of waste materials and industrial by-products to make eco-friendly building bricks using different methods, materials and stabilizers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and others. Several positive reactions occur when lime is added to clay in the presence of water; cation exchange, flocculation-agglomeration, carbonation, and pozzolanic reaction [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Feasibility of Using Marble Cutting Waste in a Sustainable Building Clay Industry

El-Mahllawy¹,

Kandeel²,

Latif³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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This study evaluates the feasibility of stabilizing clay bricks with marble cutting waste (MCW). This waste currently discarded in huge quantities as a sludge resulted from sawing the marble blocks to slabs, grinding and polishing of marble processes to the landfills located around the marble processing factories located in the Shaq El-Thoban industrial zone, Cairo governorate, Egypt causing negative impacts on the environment, health and sustainable development. Experimental investigations were carried out to explore the effect of addition of the MCW in different clay-base mixes at different percentages up to 25% at the expense of the hydrated lime. Cement, hydrated lime and MCW are the three types of solidification agents used, clay and sand were also added in the formulations of the unfired clay brick specimens. Laboratory cylindrical stabilized and compressed specimens were made, and then they were cured in a humidity chamber for 2 and 4 weeks, then after were air dried, tested and evaluated according to the Egyptian code for the building by the stabilized and compressed earth soil (ECBS, 2016). To enhance the durability of the cured specimens, transparent silicon – based paint was used for this purpose. The laboratory results demonstrate high potential usage of MCW based additives up to 15% incorporating HL. In addition, the used paint could be an effective treatment way for the use of stabilized bricks in a wet environment. The use of eco-friendly building materials will be a great contribution for the environmental advantages and suggest a remarkable economical alternative to the fired building units.

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The mechanical and physical properties of unfired earth bricks stabilized with gypsum and Elazığ Ferrochrome slag

Cited by 34 publications

References 14 publications

Adobe bricks with sugarcane molasses and gypsum to enhance compressive strength in the city Cogua, Colombia

Adobe bricks with sugarcane molasses and gypsum to enhance compressive strength in the city Cogua, Colombia

Raw earth-based building materials: An investigation on mechanical properties of Floridia soil-based adobes

The Feasibility of Using Marble Cutting Waste in a Sustainable Building Clay Industry

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