The Mechanical Performance of Re-Bonded and Healed Adhesive Joints Activable through Induction Heating Systems

Ciardiello, Raffaele

doi:10.3390/ma14216351

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Although some of these strategies can be adopted for many materials, PP substrates are difficult to bond and many articles show that it is difficult to obtain a cohesive failure. 13 PP is extensively used in the automotive sector (e.g., for dashboards, home lamps, plastic bumpers, and as skins of some door panels) because it is cheap, with good mechanical properties and good chemical resistance. 14 However, PP is a material that exhibits a hydrophobic behavior because of its low surface energy that makes this material very hard to bond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of plasma treatments of polypropylene adhesive joints used in the automotive industry

Ciardiello

D’Angelo

Cagna

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Plasma treatment has been used in recent years to activate the surfaces of adhesive substrates and thus as an adhesion promoter between adhesive and substrates. The use of plasma treatments is widely adopted in the automotive industries especially for polymers that present low surface energy, such as polypropylene. In this work, polypropylene substrates used in the automotive industries have been treated with two different techniques: vacuum and atmospheric plasma. Then, polyurethane and methacrylate adhesives have been used to bond single lap joints (SLJs). Typically, these two adhesives cannot bond polypropylene substrates without surface treatments. An experimental plan has been designed to investigate the process parameters that can increase the functional polar groups (FPGs) maximizing the adhesion strength. Besides the types of plasma, two different gas carriers (air and nitrogen) and different treatment times have been investigated. The substrates, treated and not treated, have been assessed through scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantitatively assess the increment of FPGs after the different treatments. The experimental plan shows that the atmospheric plasma can improve the surface of the substrates by using a smaller time. Mechanical tests on SLJs show that methacrylate and polyurethane cannot bond polypropylene substrates without the plasma treatment. On the other hand, the treated substrates can form a strong bonding with the adhesive since all SLJs exhibit a substrate failure. Mechanical tests have been also carried out after three different aging cycles showing that the adopted plasma treatment is not affected by the aging cycles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of plasma treatments of polypropylene adhesive joints used in the automotive industry

Ciardiello

D’Angelo

Cagna

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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“…Afterwards, dilutions with pure recycled polymers resulted in different concentrations, i.e., 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt%, and 5 m length filaments were produced through extrusion for each concentration. The addition of susceptor materials for induction heating, such as iron oxide nanoparticles, due to their strong magnetic permeability [29], introduce into the thermoplastic nanocomposite functionalities such as induced healing of polymer matrix [30] and on-demand debonding properties for recycling applications [31]. Once exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, MNPs act as the susceptors, converting the energy of the field and generating heat in nanocomposite material by the hysteresis mechanism [32].…”

Section: Nanomaterials and Polymer Matricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Exposure Assessment and Process Hazard Analysis: The Nano-Enabled 3D Printing Filament Extrusion Case

et al. 2023

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Nanoparticles are being used in novel applications of the thermoplastics industry, including automotive parts, the sports industry and leisure and consumer goods, which can be produced nowadays through additive manufacturing. However, there is limited information on the health and safety aspects during the production of these new materials, mainly from recycled sources. This study covers the exposure assessment to nano- and micro-size particles emitted from the nanocomposites during the production of filaments for 3D printing through a compounding and extrusion pilot line using recycled (post-industrial) thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and recycled polyamide 12 (PA12), which have been also upcycled through reinforcement with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), introducing matrix healing properties triggered by induction heating. The assessment protocol included near- and far-field measurements, considering the extruder as the primary emission source, and portable measuring devices for evaluating particulate emissions reaching the inhalable zone of the lab workers. A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) study for the extrusion process line was defined along with a Failure Tree Analysis (FTA) process in which the process deviations, their sources and the relations between them were documented. FTA allowed the identification of events that should take place in parallel (simultaneously) or in series for the failure modes to take place and the respective corrective actions to be proposed (additional to the existing control measures).

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“…One promising thermoplastic resin is Elium ® thermoplastic by Arkema. Elium thermoplastic is a reactive methylmethacrylate-based fully recyclable resin [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. At ambient temperature, it is in a liquid state and presents low viscosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of the Mechanical Performance of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Composites through the Infusion Process of a Thermoplastic Recyclable Resin

2023

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Mechanical testing of glass-fibre-reinforced composite (GFRP) plates made of twill fabric and a thermoplastic recyclable infusion resin is presented. The considered thermoplastic resin, ELIUM®, is made of poly-methylmethacrylate and can be infused with properly tuned vacuum techniques, in the same manner as all liquid resin. Tensile, flexural, and drop-dart impact tests were carried out to assess the mechanical properties of the composites considering different fabrication conditions, such as the different degassing pressure before infusion and three different infusion vacuum pressures. The work reports a methodology to infuse ELIUM resin at a relatively high vacuum pressure of 0.8 bar. X-ray microtomography analysis showed that the produced laminates are free of defects, differently from what was reported in the literature, where void problems related to a vacuum infusion pressure higher than 0.3–0.5 bar were pointed out. Vacuum pressure values influence the mechanical characteristics of the laminate: when higher vacuum pressures are adopted, the mechanical properties of the GFRP laminates are enhanced and higher values of elastic modulus and strength are obtained. On the other hand, degassing the resin before infusion does not influence the mechanical properties of the laminates. A maximum bending and tensile strength of 420 and 305 MPa were reached by using the vacuum infusion of 0.8 bar with an elastic modulus of 18.5 and 20.6 GPa, respectively. The density of the produced laminates increases at higher vacuum infusion pressure up to a maximum value of 1.81 g/cm3 with the fibre volume fraction of each laminate.

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The Mechanical Performance of Re-Bonded and Healed Adhesive Joints Activable through Induction Heating Systems

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of plasma treatments of polypropylene adhesive joints used in the automotive industry

Effects of plasma treatments of polypropylene adhesive joints used in the automotive industry

Integrating Exposure Assessment and Process Hazard Analysis: The Nano-Enabled 3D Printing Filament Extrusion Case

Enhancement of the Mechanical Performance of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Composites through the Infusion Process of a Thermoplastic Recyclable Resin

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