The mechanical properties of
            <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

Smith, Alexander E.; Zhang, Zhibing; Thomas, C. R.; Moxham, K.E; Middelberg, Anton P. J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.97.18.9871

Cited by 195 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

135

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, L cells exhibit greater sensitivity to zymolyase treatment (removal of the cell wall) than U cells and greater expression of transporter genes Vachova et al 2013)-both of these properties are consistent with increased permeability. In contrast, stationary-phase cell walls thicken and strengthen (Smith et al 2000), and as cell volume and turgor pressure increase (Martinez de Maranon et al 1996), permeability of these stationary-phase cells to water eventually decreases (Suh et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Differentiation and Spatial Organization in Yeast Colonies: Role of Cell-Wall Integrity Pathway

Piccirillo¹,

Morales²,

White³

et al. 2015

Genetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many microbial communities contain organized patterns of cell types, yet relatively little is known about the mechanism or function of this organization. In colonies of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sporulation occurs in a highly organized pattern, with a top layer of sporulating cells sharply separated from an underlying layer of nonsporulating cells. A mutant screen identified the Mpk1 and Bck1 kinases of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway as specifically required for sporulation in colonies. The CWI pathway was induced as colonies matured, and a target of this pathway, the Rlm1 transcription factor, was activated specifically in the nonsporulating cell layer, here termed feeder cells. Rlm1 stimulates permeabilization of feeder cells and promotes sporulation in an overlying cell layer through a cell-nonautonomous mechanism. The relative fraction of the colony apportioned to feeder cells depends on nutrient environment, potentially buffering sexual reproduction against suboptimal environments.KEYWORDS cell-wall integrity; cell permeability; cell-cell signaling; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; sporulation A S embryos develop, cells of different fates organize into patterns [reviewed in Kicheva et al. (2012) and Perrimon et al. (2012)] . Intriguingly, even unicellular microbial species form communities in which different cell types are organized into patterns [reviewed in Kaiser et al. (2010), Honigberg (2011, and Loomis (2014)]. For example, colonies of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae form an upper layer of larger cells (U cells) overlying a layer of smaller cells (L cells). U and L cells differ in their metabolism, gene expression, and resistance to stress, and U and L layers are separated by a strikingly sharp boundary Vachova et al. 2013). Patterns are also observed in yeast biofilms, where cells closest to the plastic surface grow as ovoid cells, whereas cells further from the surface differentiate into hyphae for Candida species [reviewed in Finkel and Mitchell (2011)] or pseudohyphae and eventually asci for S. cerevisiae (White et al. 2011).Sporulation also occurs in patterns within yeast colonies. Specifically, a narrow horizontal layer of sporulated cells forms through the center of the colony early during colony development. As colonies continue to mature, this layer progressively expands upward to include the top of the colony; this wave is driven by progressive alkalization and activation of the Rim101 signaling pathway . In contrast, cells at the bottom of the colony, i.e., directly contacting the agar substrate, also sporulate at early stages of colony development, but this narrow cell layer does not expand as the colony matures . The same colony sporulation pattern is observed in a range of laboratory yeasts as well as in S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus isolated from the wild. Indeed, in these wild yeasts, the same colony sporulation pattern forms on a range of fermentable and nonfermentable carbon sources .The mechanism of sporulation patterning and its function remai...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Differentiation and Spatial Organization in Yeast Colonies: Role of Cell-Wall Integrity Pathway

Piccirillo¹,

Morales²,

White³

et al. 2015

Genetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Micropipette aspiration [142][143][144][145] has also come into use to study whole-cell mechanics by examining cellular and nuclear deformations in response to suction [146][147][148][149]. Microplates [150,151] have been employed to measure cellular deformation and elasticity in response to force. Cells have been either literally "ploughed" from a surface using a cantilever to measure adhesion forces which aid in attachment and motility [152].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An historical perspective on cell mechanics

Pelling

Horton

2007

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The physical properties of the protoplasm have long been of interest, and today, several intricate methods, including atomic force microscopy, have been employed in studies of cellular mechanics. However, many current concepts and experimental approaches actually have their beginnings over 300 years ago. Unfortunately, these pioneering studies have been all but forgotten. In this paper, we have reviewed some of the early literature on cellular mechanics to place modern work within an historical framework. It is clear that with current nanoscience approaches, modern experiments employing cell indentation, manipulation, particle rheology and micro-or nano-needle poking are now quantifying mechanical properties which were only qualitatively described 100 years ago. Aside from the variety of approaches our predecessors have employed to understand cellular mechanics, we feel an understanding of the past will help to propel nanoscience into the future. As nanophysiology and nanomedicine are developing, we as a community should take time to consider the early roots of these fields.

show abstract

“…For small scale applications in biology, it is common to use an atomic force microscope (AFM) in an indentation test to obtain high levels of accuracy that would not otherwise be possible [4]. While several studies have focused on determining the mechanical properties of both animal and plant cells using variants of the indentation test [5,6], a question of particular interest for plant, fungal and bacterial cells is the turgor pressure within the cell. Indeed, differences in turgor pressure could be important for the regulation of growth [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The indentation of pressurized elastic shells: from polymeric capsules to yeast cells

Vella

Ajdari

Vaziri

et al. 2011

J. R. Soc. Interface.

133

196

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pressurized elastic capsules arise at scales ranging from the 10 m diameter pressure vessels used to store propane at oil refineries to the microscopic polymeric capsules that may be used in drug delivery. Nature also makes extensive use of pressurized elastic capsules: plant cells, bacteria and fungi have stiff walls, which are subject to an internal turgor pressure. Here, we present theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations of the indentation of a linearly elastic shell subject to a constant internal pressure. We show that, unlike unpressurized shells, the relationship between force and displacement demonstrates two linear regimes. We determine analytical expressions for the effective stiffness in each of these regimes in terms of the material properties of the shell and the pressure difference. As a consequence, a single indentation experiment over a range of displacements may be used as a simple assay to determine both the internal pressure and elastic properties of capsules. Our results are relevant for determining the internal pressure in bacterial, fungal or plant cells. As an illustration of this, we apply our results to recent measurements of the stiffness of baker's yeast and infer from these experiments that the internal osmotic pressure of yeast cells may be regulated in response to changes in the osmotic pressure of the external medium.

show abstract

The mechanical properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cited by 195 publications

References 16 publications

Cell Differentiation and Spatial Organization in Yeast Colonies: Role of Cell-Wall Integrity Pathway

Cell Differentiation and Spatial Organization in Yeast Colonies: Role of Cell-Wall Integrity Pathway

An historical perspective on cell mechanics

The indentation of pressurized elastic shells: from polymeric capsules to yeast cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About