The Mechanics of Telephone-Receiver Diaphragms, as Derived from Their Motional-Impedance Circles

Kennelly, A. E.; Affel, H. A.

doi:10.2307/20025588

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…quadrature impedance components, as a function of frequency, yielded circular diagrams. [642][643][644][645][646] Butterworth subsequently established an analogy between a onedimensional mechanically vibrating system and an electrical circuit consisting of a capacitor shunted by an arm containing an inductor, capacitor, and resistor in series. 647,648 Van Dyke independently found the same representation applied to a vibrating piezo-quartz resonator.…”

Section: Gaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kennelly and Pierce were the first to notice that telephone receiver electrical impedances were substantially altered in the vicinity of a diaphragm mechanical resonance. They showed that plots of in‐phase versus quadrature impedance components, as a function of frequency, yielded circular diagrams 642–646 . Butterworth subsequently established an analogy between a one‐dimensional mechanically vibrating system and an electrical circuit consisting of a capacitor shunted by an arm containing an inductor, capacitor, and resistor in series 647,648 .…”

Section: Electrical Circuit Representations Of Piezo‐resonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acoustic properties of piezoelectric cubic crystals

Ballato

2023

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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This paper is offered as a complementary adjunct to the many treatments of the electronic and photonic properties of cubic III–V and II–VI compounds appearing in the literature. These crystals typically exhibit piezoelectricity, due to the molecular dissymmetry, thereby allowing the inclusion of classical mechanical/acoustic features along with the quantum. We discuss the history of this modality and then illustrate its use by applying it to an electro‐elastic problem that has the estimable virtues of having an exact solution, along with wide practical applicability: determination of the piezocoupling values governing the excitation of thickness vibrations in thin cubic films or plates of arbitrary crystallographic orientation by electric fields directed either along, or lateral to, the thickness. Explicit results are given for orientations along the great‐circle paths connecting the principal directions [100], [110], and [111]. The formalism is then applied to GaAs as an example; it is further demonstrated that various results, such as the orientational variations of piezocoupling factors, are generally applicable to other members of the III–V and II–VI families by scaling. Ancillary aspects, such as errors due to misorientations, nonlinearities, and equivalent circuit representations, are described and discussed. This work is dedicated to Gerald W. Farnell (1925–2015), Prof. Emeritus, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.

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Section: Gaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrical Circuit Representations Of Piezo‐resonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic properties of piezoelectric cubic crystals

Ballato

2023

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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“…In the polar impedance plane (R vs. I), Z mot is a circle passing through the origin [20]. The unusual shape may be explained by the physical nature of the anti-reciprocal electromechanic systems.…”

Section: The Circular Shape Of Z Motmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2019

Int J Magnetics Electromagnetism

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We investigate a classical notion denoted as 'Motional impedance (Z mot )' first developed by Kennelly in 1912, then explored by many other researchers early in the 20 th century. Due to long history to establish impedance properties, Z mot has not been clearly understood with respect to classical impedance properties which makes retroactive study of the Z mot worthy. In this study, we project Z mot 's unique characteristics onto anti-reciprocity where every electro-mechanical system as modeled by a gyrator. This work also clarifies that Z mot is a type of transfer impedance, thus is not necessarily to be a minimum-phase nor a Positive-Real function. Based on simulation, this study shows a shunt eddy current loss on the electrical side of the system is one possible source of the negative real part of Z mot which leads negative real part in Z mot plots. By taking a Balance Armature Receiver (BAR) as a specific example of the electro-mechanical systems, we also explore the (non)linear approximation principal of the BAR based on the magnetic force and hysteresis characteristics. We believe that this study puts anti-reciprocal physics on both the empirical and theoretical basis.

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The measurement of acoustic impedance with the aid of the telephone receiver

Kennelly

1925

Journal of the Franklin Institute

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The Mechanics of Telephone-Receiver Diaphragms, as Derived from Their Motional-Impedance Circles

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Acoustic properties of piezoelectric cubic crystals

Acoustic properties of piezoelectric cubic crystals

Untitled

The measurement of acoustic impedance with the aid of the telephone receiver

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