The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutants

Robert, Stéphanie; Mouille, Grégory; Höfte, Monica

doi:10.1023/b:cell.0000046415.45774.80

Cited by 65 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Later, it was confirmed that FTIR spectra from the cell walls of Arabidopsis hypocotyls treated with 4 nM flupoxam also grouped in this cluster. 25 The spectral differences indicated that cell walls from these mutants and CBI-treated seedlings contained less cellulose and more esterified pectic polysaccharides. However, when seedlings were treated with low concentrations of isoxaben (0.1 and 0.05 nM), their cell wall spectra grouped together with wild type and isoxaben resistant mutants (IXR).…”

Section: Using Ftir To Monitor the Effects Of Cbismentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, when seedlings were treated with low concentrations of isoxaben (0.1 and 0.05 nM), their cell wall spectra grouped together with wild type and isoxaben resistant mutants (IXR). 12,25 The method developed by Mouille et al 12 was used to obtain additional evidence on thaxtomin A and ancymidol as CBIs. Cell walls from hypocotyls of plants treated with 50-200 μM thaxtomin A were isolated and their spectra clustered with those of hypocotyls treated with high concentrations of isoxaben, DCB and flupoxam, and those of cellulose-deficient mutants.…”

Section: Using Ftir To Monitor the Effects Of Cbismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of FTIR spectroscopy to monitor modifications in plant cell wall architecture caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors

Alonso‐Simón

García‐Angulo²,

Mélida³

et al. 2011

Plant Signaling & Behavior

109

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Section: Using Ftir To Monitor the Effects Of Cbismentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Using Ftir To Monitor the Effects Of Cbismentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of FTIR spectroscopy to monitor modifications in plant cell wall architecture caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors

Alonso‐Simón

García‐Angulo²,

Mélida³

et al. 2011

Plant Signaling & Behavior

109

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“…All three mutants show a short hypocotyl and are deficient for cellulose in their primary cell walls (SI Fig. 7) (17). CESA3 and CESA6 proteins accumulated to similar levels either in Col-0 or WS backgrounds ( Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Desprez

Juraniec

Crowell

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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530

605

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In all land plants, cellulose is synthesized from hexameric plasma membrane complexes. Indirect evidence suggests that in vascular plants the complexes involved in primary wall synthesis contain three distinct cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs). In this study, we show that CESA3 and CESA6 fused to GFP are expressed in the same cells and at the same time in the hypocotyl of etiolated seedlings and migrate with comparable velocities along linear trajectories at the cell surface. We also show that CESA3 and CESA6 can be coimmunoprecipitated from detergent-solubilized extracts, their protein levels decrease in mutants for either CESA3, CESA6, or CESA1 and CESA3, CESA6 and also CESA1 can physically interact in vivo as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We also demonstrate that CESA6-related CESA5 and CESA2 are partially, but not completely, redundant with CESA6 and most likely compete with CESA6 for the same position in the cellulose synthesis complex. Using promoter-␤-glucuronidase fusions we show that CESA5, CESA6, and CESA2 have distinct overlapping expression patterns in hypocotyl and root corresponding to different stages of cellular development. Together, these data provide evidence for the existence of binding sites for three distinct CESA subunits in primary wall cellulose synthase complexes, with two positions being invariably occupied by CESA1 and CESA3, whereas at least three isoforms compete for the third position. Participation of the latter three isoforms might fine-tune the CESA complexes for the deposition of microfibrils at distinct cellular growth stages. C ellulose microfibrils are synthesized from a multiprotein complex inserted into the plasma membrane. These ''rosette'' complexes consist of six globules, each of which contains multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs). These complexes migrate in the plasma membrane along microtubules, propelled by the polymerization of the ␤-1,4-glucan chains (1).Plant CESA genes are members of multigene families. Arabidopsis has 10 CESA isoforms that, based on sequence comparison with other plant species, can be classified into six orthologous groups (2). Mutational analysis shows that these six groups of isoforms have nonredundant functions in cellulose synthesis. Mutants for three isoforms (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8) show defects in cellulose synthesis specifically in secondary walls (3)(4)(5). Microarray data show that the mRNAs for the three genes are coregulated (6, 7). The three proteins are expressed in the same cell types during secondary cell wall deposition, and co-immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments show that all three proteins interact (3). Although the interactions remain to be validated in vivo, these data strongly suggest that at least in these cells the complexes contain three isoforms. Mutants for isoforms CESA1, CESA3, and CESA6 have cellulose defects in primary cell walls (8-11). The three genes are also coregulated at the mRNA level (12). It is not known, however, whether the corresponding proteins are ...

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“…Several studies have implicated other proteins in the CSC. These include the membrane-bound KORRIGAN-type cellulases, as well as KOBITO (KOB/ELD1/ABI8), a protein of unknown function, the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored protein COBRA and the chitinase-like CTL1/POM1/ ELP1/HOT2 (Robert et al 2004;Somerville 2006), and enzymes involved in N-linked glycan maturation, for example knopf, and rsw3, glycosidase I and II mutants, respectively. It is not always clear how or why these mutations impact on cellulose assembly.…”

Section: Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

182

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutants

Cited by 65 publications

References 56 publications

The use of FTIR spectroscopy to monitor modifications in plant cell wall architecture caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors

The use of FTIR spectroscopy to monitor modifications in plant cell wall architecture caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors

Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

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