The mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing on cellulose model films studied by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Li, Lei; Neivandt, David J.

doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02295-2

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The highest values of tensile strength shown in Figure 6 a were approximately 2.1% deformation for the AKD-CNF/PLA composite loaded with 5 wt.% of AKD-CNF nanofibers, increasing nearly nine times from the pure PLA. This can be attributed to the compatibility of the interfaces between AKD modified CNF and PLA molecules [ 30 ]. Figure 6 b presents the effects of AKD-CNF content on the elasticity modulus of PLA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To cure such discrepancy, many methods have been developed to tailor the interfaces between cellulose and PLA, including adding crosslinking agents [ 29 ]. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is one traditional sizing agent in the paper industry [ 30 , 31 ], which is less susceptible to hydrolysis and can offer hydrophobization of cellulose fibers efficiently with a small quantity in the water-based solution [ 31 , 32 ]. To our best knowledge, AKD has not been reported on the surface modification of CNF (AKD-CNF) for PLA composite application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure Optimization of Cellulose Nanofibers/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites by the Sizing of AKD

Cao

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Recently, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are used as one novel fillers to reinforce poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix and form PLA green nanocomposites. In the present work, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was used as the sizing of CNF to improve the interfacial compatibility between the hydrophilic CNF and the hydrophobic PLA. The interactions between the AKD and CNF were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which showed the formation of ketone ester structure between AKD and the hydroxyl groups of CNF. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the little reduced thermal stability of the AKD-CNF/PLA composites. The AKD-CNF/PLA morphology has rough surfaces due to the incorporation of cellulose nanofibers. The mechanical properties of AKD-CNF/PLA were tested by tensile testing, which discovered more AKD-CNF content enhances stress–strain performance. The highest tensile strength of composites was obtained for PLA with 5.0 wt.% AKD-cellulose, which is almost nine times higher than that of the pure PLA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure Optimization of Cellulose Nanofibers/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites by the Sizing of AKD

Cao

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…Figure 2 illustrates the interface bonding of organic (sizing agents) and inorganic (TiO2 NPs) material with silane. The nanofiller reacts with 'X' to produce silanol (forming metal hydroxide), while 'R' produces a covalent bond with organic material [39,[50][51][52][53][54]. The rest of this paper presents the experimental work conducted to synthesise the rutile-TiO2 NPs of specific shapes and dimensions.…”

Section: Using Sizing Agents In Making Cellulose Fibre To Be Hydrophobicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Thermal Stability and Hydrophobicity of Rutile-TiO2 Nanoparticles for Oil-Impregnated Paper Application

et al. 2021

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Thermal stress and moisture absorption can cause a synergetic negative impact on kraft paper. Among various approaches for improving the dielectric properties of kraft paper, nanotechnology has had promising results. However, the hydrophilicity of most metal oxide nanoparticles renders nanomodified kraft paper more vulnerable to thermal stress and moisture, thereby inducing degradation. In nanomodified kraft paper research, the use of TiO2 nanoparticles has yielded the most promising results. The major shortfall, however, is the hydrophilicity of TiO2. This work investigated surface modifications of rutile-TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for improved hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Rutile-TiO2 NPs is a nontoxic metal oxide that can withstand high temperature and is stable in chemical reactions. Two cases of surfactants were used—alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). The intention was to increase heat resistance and reduce the surface free energy of the rutile-TiO2 NPs. The impacts of the surface modifiers on the rutile-TiO2 NPs were characterised using FT-IR, muffle furnace, analytical weight balance, and TGA. It was discovered that new functional groups were formed on the modified NPs examined through FT-IR spectra. This indicates new chemical bonds, introduced through the surface modification. The unmodified rutile-TiO2 NPs absorbed moisture, increasing their mass by 3.88%, compared with the modified nanoparticles, which released moisture instead. TGA analysis revealed that AKD- and ASA-modified rutile-TiO2 needed higher temperatures than the unmodified rutile-TiO2 to markedly decompose. AKD, however, gave better performance than ASA in that regard. As an example, those modified with 5% AKD sustained a 45% higher temperature than the pure TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, in both cases of the surfactants, the higher the percent of surfactant content was, the more thermally stable the nanoparticles became. This work demonstrates the possibility of fabricating rutile-TiO2 NPs to give improved hydrophobicity and thermal stability for possible dielectric applications such as in kraft paper for power transformer insulation.

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“…Hence, internal sizing technology has been well developed since the 1807s, and various sizing agents were commercially promoted, such as rosin-base products, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) emulsion, etc. (Huang et al 2018;Ashish et al 2019;Li and Neivandt 2019). AKD molecule has two long alkyl chains and one hetero four-membered ring that can react with hydroxyl groups of cellulose molecules by forming β-keto ester linkages (Yoshida et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diatomite Modified With Alkyl Ketene Dimer For Hydrophobicity of Cellulosic Paper

Fan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Multi-functionalization of papermaking chemicals is one of its main developing strategies. Fillers and internal sizing agents are often mutually restricted in practice. Therefore, it is feasible to prepare a new papermaking chemical by combining its functions. A process of diatomite modified with Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was developed in this study. The modified diatomite (AD) can concurrently play the role of mineral filler and sizing agent in the papermaking process. With the equal dosage of AKD, the AD had better sizing and retention performance than the commercial AKD emulsion in the case of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and the CPAM/ bentonite retention system. The sizing mechanism of the AD can be interpreted as numerous hydrophobic sites and micro-surface structure of the paper sheet caused by the AD. Since the ester linkages were not detected in FT-IR spectra of the paper sheet filled by the AD, the chemical reaction may not be indispensable for its sizing performance. What’s more, an interesting “sticky” hydrophobicity phenomenon was observed when filling with AD. The approach in this study to prepare the “sticky” hydrophobic paper sheet can find its applications in some non-traditional application fields of cellulosic paper.

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The mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing on cellulose model films studied by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Structure Optimization of Cellulose Nanofibers/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites by the Sizing of AKD

Structure Optimization of Cellulose Nanofibers/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites by the Sizing of AKD

Improving Thermal Stability and Hydrophobicity of Rutile-TiO2 Nanoparticles for Oil-Impregnated Paper Application

Diatomite Modified With Alkyl Ketene Dimer For Hydrophobicity of Cellulosic Paper

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