The mechanism of faulting in clay experiments

Oertel, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(65)90032-6

Cited by 147 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…The fact that multiple sets of faults can form, even in an isotropic medium, under a single stress state has been recognized at least since the experiments by Oertel (1965) on clay cakes subjected to three-dimensional deformations. Until that time, faults were generally considered to be twodimensional structures (e.g., Anderson, 1942).…”

Section: Methods Of Stress Inversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Models of Fault-Related Folding

Johnson¹

2003

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Section: Methods Of Stress Inversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anderson, 1942;. There are two sets if the strain is two-dimensional and four sets if the strain is three-dimensional (Oertel, 1965;Reches, 1978a;.…”

Section: Methods Of Stress Inversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Models of Fault-Related Folding

Johnson¹

2003

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“…: Cloos (1928) y Riedel (1929) se han dedicado. muchos estudios experimentales a las fallas d~desga-rre (p. eJ -Oertel, 1965;Hoppener et al, 1969;Tchalenko, 1~70;WIlcox et al, 19.73;Emmons, 1979;Naylor et al, 1986;Richard et al, 1989.;Rlch~rd et al, 199.1;Basile, 1990;Gapais et al, 19?1). EstudIOS recientes han utilIzado arena y silicona como analogos de las capas frágiles y dúctiles de la corteza, -A~B magma.…”

Section: Condiciones Experimentales~unclassified

Untitled

Berdiel¹,

Gapais

Brun

1997

Estud. geol.

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El emplazamiento de granitoides en zonas de desgarre de la corteza superior se ha modelizado inyectando un fluido newtoniano en un paquete de arena en el cual se intercala una capa dúctil de silicona que actúa como un nivel de despegue potencial en el cual el material inyectado puede expandirse. El régimen de desgarre se obtiene utilizando una placa basal rígida y móvil que desliza horizontalmente. Se ha analizado la influencia de diferentes perfiles reológicos de la corteza superior en la forma de la intrusión. Los experimentos muestran que: 1) las intrusiones son alargadas y su eje mayor toma la dirección principal de elongación asociada al régimen de desgarre, 2) las intrusiones presentan forma asimétrica en planta, con el desarrollo de una cola en el sentido de cizalla, 3) el régimen de desgarre permite localmente la subida del fluido inyectado a lo largo de las fallas formadas en la cobertera, 4) cuando el perfil reológico de la corteza es igual a ambos lados de la zona de cizalla, las intrusiones presentan forma de gota asimétrica, 5) cuando la viscosidad de los materiales que están por encima del canal de alimentación es superior a la de los materiales del otro lado del accidente principal, no aparece la forma en gota asimétrica.Elleucogranito de Lizio en la zona de cizalla surarmoricana (Sur de Bretaña, Francia) es un ejemplo de que la modelización analógica puede dar las claves para explicar la geometría de muchos granitos sintectónicos emplazados en zonas de desgarre.Palabras clave: Intrusión, lacolitos, desgarre, modelización analógica, granitoide, cadena hercí-nica. ABSTRACTGranite intrusion in the upper crust along a crustal-scale shear zone has been modelled by injecting a Newtonian fluid (low-viscosity silicone putty) into a sandpack containing a ductile layer of silicone putty which acted as a potential décollement level along which the injected material could spread. The strike-slip regime was obtained using a mobile rigid basal plate sliding horizontally. Boundary conditions were chosen in order to analyse the influence of different rheologic profiles of the upper crust on the pattem of the intrusion. Experiments showed that: 1) intrusions are elongate and their long axis tends to track the principal stretching direction associated with the strike-slip regime, 2) intrusions are asymmetric shaped in horizontal view, with the development of a sheared tail trailing behind the intrusion, 3) the strike slip environment allowed local rising of the injected fluid along faults formed in the overburden, 4) when the crustal rheologic profile is similar in both sides of the shear zone, intrusions are asymmetric drop shaped, 5) when the viscosity of materials aboye the feeding pipe is higher that viscosity of materials of the other side of the shear zone, the asymmetric drop shape not appears.Lizio leucogranite of the South Armorican Shear Zone (South Brittany, France) emphasize that our experiments can explain the geometry of many syntectonic' granites emplaced along strike-slip zones. They further shed s...

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“…non-plane strain. In this way, the problem stated by Oertel [7] and Reches [8] to the Anderson's model can be solved in an evolutionary framework. Multiple sets of faults can develop within a single stress system through a sequence of separate stress-driven failure events, resulting in triaxial deformation that can be compatible with any type of displacement-boundary conditions.…”

Section: Do Kinematic Boundary Conditions Contradict Stress-based Faumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After considering that this is a limitation of the stress-based approach, a number of authors have proposed alternative models that try to account for multiple-set fault patterns (able to accommodate 3-D finite strain) on the basis of kinematic concepts (e.g. [7,8,9,10]). Fault patterns predicted by these models are typically made of four sets showing orthorhombic symmetry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Partitioning: a Practical Concept for Analysing Boundary Conditions of Brittle Deformation

2008

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Although conjugate fault systems cannot accommodate three-dimensional strain, the notion of stress-driven fracturing based upon Mohr-Coulomb's failure criterium can be reconciled with any kinematic boundary condition if a non-static scenario is considered. The concept of stress partitioning is proposed as a tool for understanding the mechanisms allowing such compatibility. It describes stress changes that occur in response to failure events, giving the appearance that the total stress field is decoupled into distinct, independent components. It can be mainly applied to biaxial horizontal loading conditions (e.g. multidirectional tension or multidirectional compression in intraplate regions). Swapping of horizontal stress axes, caused by stress drop subsequent to failure, can result in two distinct stress events and two, either tensile or shear fracture systems with nearly orthogonal strikes. Each fracture event develops according to Mohr-Coulomb's and Griffith's failure criteria, but the resulting overall deformation is three-dimensional.

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The mechanism of faulting in clay experiments

Cited by 147 publications

References 10 publications

Mechanical Models of Fault-Related Folding

Mechanical Models of Fault-Related Folding

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Stress Partitioning: a Practical Concept for Analysing Boundary Conditions of Brittle Deformation

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