The Mechanism of Particle Formation in Non-Premixed Hydrogen Combustion in a Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engine

Thawko, Andy; Tartakovsky, Leonid

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125187

Cited by 46 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Particles in nucleation mode are typically composed of volatile organic and sulfur compounds that form during exhaust dilution and cooling. Meanwhile, particles in accumulation mode are mainly made up of carbonaceous agglomerates and associated adsorbed materials [48][49][50]. Regarding the nucleation-mode PN, PSDI generally emits the highest value while GDI emits the lowest value.…”

Section: Gaseous Emissions and Pn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Direct Injection on Combustion and Emissions in a Combined Fuel Injection—Spark-Ignition Engine

Shang

Sun

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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To utilize the high efficiency of gasoline direct injection (GDI) and solve the high particulate number (PN) issue, hydrogen-rich syngas has been adopted as a favorable sustainable fuel. This paper compares and analyzes the effects of the injection configurations (GDI, gasoline port injection combined with GDI (PGDI), and gasoline port injection combined with hydrogen-rich syngas direct injection (PSDI)) and fuel properties on combustion and emissions in a spark-ignition engine. The operational points were fixed at 1800 rpm with a 15% throttle position, and the excess air ratio was 1.1. The conclusions show that PSDI gained the highest maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at the MBT point, and the maximum BTE for GDI was only 94% of that for PSDI. PSDI’s CoVIMEP decreased by 22% compared with GDI’s CoVIMEP. CO and HC emissions were reduced by approximately 78% and 60% from GDI to PSDI among all the spark timings, respectively, while PSDI emitted the highest NOX emissions. As for particulate emissions, PSDI emitted the highest nucleation-mode PN, while GDI emitted the lowest. However, the accumulation-mode PN emitted from PSDI was approximately 52% of that from PGDI and 5% of that from GDI. This study demonstrates the benefits of PSDI for sustainability in vehicle engineering.

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Section: Gaseous Emissions and Pn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16exhaust dilution and cooling. Meanwhile, particles in accumulation mode are mainly made up of carbonaceous agglomerates and associated adsorbed materials[48][49][50].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Direct Injection on Combustion and Emissions in a Combined Fuel Injection—Spark-Ignition Engine

Shang

Sun

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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show abstract

“…Methane contains carbon in its molecular structure, so it can emit fuel-derived particles. However, it was found that in some operating conditions, the contribution of the lubricant oil to particle formation is predominant with respect to that of the fuel [26]. The impact of lubricant oil on particle emissions is even more evident for hydrogen, which is a carbon-free fuel and, hence, should not emit fuel-derived particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Complete Assessment of the Emission Performance of an SI Engine Fueled with Methanol, Methane and Hydrogen

Catapano,

Di Iorio,

Magno

et al. 2024

Energies

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This study explores the potentiality of low/zero carbon fuels such as methanol, methane and hydrogen for motor applications to pursue the goal of energy security and environmental sustainability. An experimental investigation was performed on a spark ignition engine equipped with both a port fuel and a direct injection system. Liquid fuels were injected into the intake manifold to benefit from a homogeneous charge formation. Gaseous fuels were injected in direct mode to enhance the efficiency and prevent abnormal combustion. Tests were realized at a fixed indicated mean effective pressure and at three different engine speeds. The experimental results highlighted the reduction of CO and CO2 emissions for the alternative fuels to an extent depending on their properties. Methanol exhibited high THC and low NOx emissions compared to gasoline. Methane and, even more so, hydrogen, allowed for a reduction in THC emissions. With regard to the impact of gaseous fuels on the NOx emissions, this was strongly related to the operating conditions. A surprising result concerns the particle emissions that were affected not only by the fuel characteristics and the engine test point but also by the lubricating oil. The oil contribution was particularly evident for hydrogen fuel, which showed high particle emissions, although they did not contain carbon atoms.

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“…All these aspects highlight several difficulties of applying hydrogen fueling in ICEs. There are even aspects related to flame-oil film interactions that can result in a negative influence on emissions [19,20]. Nonetheless, SI units are relatively easy to convert to hydrogen fueling (even if not as straightforward as fuels such as compressed natural gas [21]), and a demonstration of close-to-commercial H 2 vehicles [22] has shown that achieving practically zero emissions is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Evaluating the Risk of Backfire and the Correlation to Fuel System Requirements through 0D/1D Simulation

Irimescu¹,

Vaglieco²,

Merola³

et al. 2023

Energies

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Hydrogen is an effective route for achieving zero carbon dioxide emissions, with a contained cost compared to electric powertrains. When considering the conversion of spark ignition (SI) engines to H2 fueling, relatively minor changes are required in terms of added components. This study looks at the possibility of converting a small-size passenger car powered by a turbocharged SI unit. The initial evaluation of range and peak power showed that overall, the concept is feasible and directly comparable to the electric version of the vehicle in terms of powertrain performance. Injection phasing effects and cylinder imbalance were found to be potential issues. Therefore, the present work applied an 0D/1D simulation for investigating the effects of hydrogen fueling with respect to the likelihood of backfire. A range of engine speeds and load settings were scrutinized for evaluating the possibility of achieving the minimal risk of abnormal combustion due to pre-ignition. Ensuring the correct flow was predicted to be essential, especially at high loads and engine speeds. Fuel delivery phasing with respect to valve intake and closing events was also found to be a major factor that influenced not only backfire occurrence but conversion efficiency as well. Interactions with the electronic control unit were also evaluated, and additional requirements compared to standard conversion kits for LPG or CNG fueling were identified.

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The Mechanism of Particle Formation in Non-Premixed Hydrogen Combustion in a Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engine

Cited by 46 publications

References 47 publications

Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Direct Injection on Combustion and Emissions in a Combined Fuel Injection—Spark-Ignition Engine

Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Direct Injection on Combustion and Emissions in a Combined Fuel Injection—Spark-Ignition Engine

A Complete Assessment of the Emission Performance of an SI Engine Fueled with Methanol, Methane and Hydrogen

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Evaluating the Risk of Backfire and the Correlation to Fuel System Requirements through 0D/1D Simulation

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