The Mechanism of the Heterolactic Fermentation: A New Route of Ethanol Formation

DeMoss, R. D.; Bard, R. C.; Gunsalus, I. C.

doi:10.1128/jb.62.4.499-511.1951

Cited by 163 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Smalley et al (19) have used molar growth yields to provide evidence of oxidative phosphorylation in S. faecalis lOCL. Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria such as S. faecalis (1,19), Lactobacillus plantarum (15), L. delbrueckii (3), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1) give molar growth yields with glucose (Yglucose) of about 21.0 g per mole, which is consistent with the YAT P value of 10.5 because of the known yield of 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose in these fermentations. When the molar yield is greater than 20 to 21 g of cells per mole of glucose, it is likely that some pyruvate is further oxidized by a pathway that yields ATP in excess of 2 moles obtained from the Embden Meyerhof pathway.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

Glucose Degradation, Molar Growth Yields, and Evidence for Oxidative Phosphorylation in Streptococcus agalactiae

Mickelson

1972

J Bacteriol

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In a complex medium with the energy source as the limiting nutrient factor and under anaerobic growth conditions, Streptococcus agalactiae fermented 75% of the glucose to lactic acid and the remainder to acetic and formic acids and ethanol. By using the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) yield constant of 10.5, the molar growth yield suggested 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose from substrate level phosphorylation. Under similar growth conditions, pyruvate was fermented 25% to lactic acid, and the remainder was fermented to acetic and formic acids. The molar growth yield suggested 0.75 mole of ATP per mole of pyruvate from substrate level phosphorylation. Under aerobic growth conditions about 1 mole of oxygen was consumed per mole of glucose; about onethird of the glucose was converted to lactic acid and the remainder to acetic acid, acetoin, and carbon dioxide. Molar growth yields indicated 5 moles of ATP per mole of glucose. Estimates based on products of glucose degradation suggested that about one-half of the ATP was derived from substrate level phosphorylation and one-half from oxidative phosphorylation. Addition of 0.5 M 2,4-dinitrophenol reduced the growth yield to that occurring in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic pyruvate degradation resulted in 30% of the substrate becoming reduced to lactic acid and the remainder being converted to acetic acid and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of formic acid and acetoin. The molar growth yields and products found suggested that 0.70 mole of ATP per mole of pyruvate resulted from substrate level phosphorylation and 0.4 mole per mole of pyruvate resulted from oxidative phosphorylation.Crude cell-free extracts of Streptococcus agalactiae possess a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase. The oxidase activity was enhanced considerably when the cells were grown under aerobic conditions (11). To evaluate the energy value of the NADH oxidase pathway, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation during NADH oxidation was measured with crude cell-free extracts (12). The results obtained suggested that oxidative phosphorylation occurred. The yield of ATP was low, and synthesis could be prevented by exclusion of 02 or by the use of respiratory poisons. It seemed desirable to confirm the results by an in vivo method. By a comparison of cellular yields per mole of substrate used under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions, a more reliable measure of the energy value of the oxidative metabolic pathway should be obtainable. Bauchop and 96

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confidence: 58%

Glucose Degradation, Molar Growth Yields, and Evidence for Oxidative Phosphorylation in Streptococcus agalactiae

Mickelson

1972

J Bacteriol

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“…25 25 Acetoin (3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone) may be reduced to butane‐2,3‐diol by the action of butanediol dehydrogenase: CH 3 ·CO·CH(OH)·CH 3 + NADH + H + →CH 3 ·CH(OH)·CH(OH)·CH 3 + NAD + [79]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of research on yeasts 9: regulation of sugar metabolism1

Barnett

Entian

2005

Yeast

102

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“…Glucose dissimilation under anaerobiosis by Leuconostoc mesenteroides species was first established by DeMoss et al 7 and confirmed by further studies.2,&-'0 These heterofermentative microorganisms catabolize glucose via the pentose phosphoketolase pathway yielding essentially equimolar amounts of D-lactate, carbon dioxide, and ethanol under anaerobiosis.…”

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confidence: 93%

Oxygen effect on lactose catabolism by a Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain: Modeling of general O2-dependent stoichiometry

Plihon

Taillandier

Strehaiano

2000

Biotechnol. Bioeng.

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Lactose metabolism of a Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain was studied in batch cultures at a pH of 6.5 and 30°C in 10 L of a modified MRS (De Man, Rogosa, Sharp) broth. The end products of this heterolactic bacterium were D‐lactate, acetate, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. To test the effect of oxygen on their synthesis, the medium was sparged with different gases: nitrogen, air, and pure oxygen. When oxygen was available, oxygen uptake occurred, which caused a modification in acetate and ethanol production but not in lactate or carbon dioxide production; acetate plus ethanol together were produced in constant amounts, which were independent of the level of aeration. The influence of oxygen on end‐product formation could be summed up by the general equation: lactose + x O2 → 2 D‐lactate + (x + 0.1) acetate + (2 − x) ethanol + 2 CO2. Maximal oxygen uptake (x = 2) was reached under a 120 L/h flow rate of pure oxygen. In addition, this equation provided useful information on the possible pathway of galactose catabolism by a heterofermentative microorganism. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The Mechanism of the Heterolactic Fermentation: A New Route of Ethanol Formation

Cited by 163 publications

References 16 publications

Glucose Degradation, Molar Growth Yields, and Evidence for Oxidative Phosphorylation in Streptococcus agalactiae

Glucose Degradation, Molar Growth Yields, and Evidence for Oxidative Phosphorylation in Streptococcus agalactiae

A history of research on yeasts 9: regulation of sugar metabolism1

Oxygen effect on lactose catabolism by a Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain: Modeling of general O2-dependent stoichiometry

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