The Mechanism of the Polymerization of Alkenes

Schmerling, Louis; Ipatieff, V. N.

doi:10.1016/s0360-0564(08)60374-0

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…44 For the former to happen, the size of the neighboring ester must be small enough to sterically allow the interaction, and it must be strong enough to exist for sufficient time that an interaction can take place. In a propene rich environment, both criteria are fulfilled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distillate Production by Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Klerk

2006

Energy Fuels

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The conversion of Fischer-Tropsch derived olefins over solid phosphoric acid (SPA) is practiced commercially. Although it is mostly used for motor-gasoline production, it is also used to produce distillates to increase refinery flexibility. During distillate production, the distillate yield can be increased by recycling some of the naphtha from the process or by cofeeding naphtha-range Fischer-Tropsch olefins. The SPA catalyzed conversion of Fischer-Tropsch olefins and other olefinic naphtha feed materials was investigated at pilot plant scale in the range of 175-260°C and 3.8 MPa. Contrary to expectations based on propene tetramermode operation, it was found that the distillate yield was limited to 70% when processing olefinic feed mixtures containing propene and naphtha. The weak interaction of long chain olefins with phosphoric acid mechanistically limited distillate production, and naphtha-range olefin oligomerization was disrupted by short chain olefins, like propene, which became the main carbocation source. Inhibition of the oligomerization reaction was also found when processing some of the oxygenate containing Fischer-Tropsch material. A processing methodology could be suggested to improve distillate selectivity by separate processing of the short chain and naphtharange olefins, but no productivity advantage was demonstrated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distillate Production by Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Klerk

2006

Energy Fuels

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“…There is not a single mechanism and, even when alkene addition is catalyzed by the same general mechanism, different catalysts may still produce products with very different characteristics [28]. There is not a single mechanism and, even when alkene addition is catalyzed by the same general mechanism, different catalysts may still produce products with very different characteristics [28].…”

Section: Reaction Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oligomerization

2011

Fischer‐Tropsch Refining

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“…The catalytic activity of the SPA catalyst is linked to carbocation chemistry [78], which is associated with the Brønsted acidity of the deposited phosphoric acid on the catalyst. This acidity depends largely on the water content, as different acid forms (i.e., ortho-, pyro-, triand polyphosphoric acids), with increasing degrees of condensation and decreasing acid strengths and amounts may be present, depending on the P 2 O 5 to water ratio [79].…”

Section: Solid Phosphoric Acid (Spa) Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supported Liquid Catalysts

Riisager

Fehrmann

Wasserscheid

2008

Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis

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The sections in this article are Introduction Historical Development The Sulfuric Acid Catalyst Solid Phosphoric Acid ( SPA ) Catalyst Supported Ionic Liquid‐Phase ( SILP ) Catalysts Conclusions

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The Mechanism of the Polymerization of Alkenes

Cited by 41 publications

References 63 publications

Distillate Production by Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Distillate Production by Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Oligomerization

Supported Liquid Catalysts

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