“…Following this approach, an extensive body of empirical study has investigated the effect of ICT on economic development ( Asongu and Le Roux, 2017 , Bankole et al, 2013 , Palvia et al, 2018 ). In these studies, proxy variables, such as human development ( Ashraf et al, 2015 , Asongu and Le Roux, 2017 , Budd and Ziegler, 2017 , Walsham, 2017 ), quality of life ( Chiao and Chiu, 2018 , Kadijevich et al, 2016 ) and well-being ( Ganju et al, 2015 , Palvia et al, 2018 ), have been used to define economic development.…”