“…They concluded that the more accurate or timely reported earnings reflect shocks in the present value of expected future dividends, the higher the earnings quality. Therefore, earnings quality is defined by researchers using certain earnings qualities such as persistence or sustainability, predictive ability, smoothness, conservatism, value-relevance, timeliness, earnings management or earnings manipulation, and accrual quality (Hassan et al, 2020;Uemura, 2020;Lestari & Hanifah, 2020;Worokinasih & Zaini 2020). Many scholars and researchers agree, however, that earnings that are truly deemed of high unprecedented quality are those with a high level of persistence, predictability, reduced volatility, timing, lower level of earnings management, and higher accrual quality (Khairul & Wan 2014).…”