The mediation role of religiosity and hope for the effect of self-stigma on psychological well-being among Virus Corona (COVID-19) patients

Abstract

Background: Over the past few months, there is a significant increase in mortality and morbidity due to Coronavirus disease (Kar, Yasir Arafat, Kabir, Sharma, & Saxena, 2020). Less attention has been paid by researchers to the COVID-19 pandemic, stigmatism, psychological well-being, hope and religiosity and, and how these may impact on the patient's recovery.Method: A random sample consisted of 426 COVID-19 patients, who have resided in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, they answered an online questionnaire contains four scales (Religiosity, hope, stigma, and well-being). The data collected from the study participants were analyzed quantitatively by using One-way ANOVA, Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA, Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFA, and Structural Equation Model (IBM SPSS statistics 21 and Amos v.25). Results: The results showed that there are statistical significant differences due to age in hope and well-being, in favor of the sample members belonging to the age group from 30 years old and over old, while there are no differences in religiosity and stigma due to age. As well as, there are no differences due to the education level in religiosity, hope, stigma and well-being. About the differences due to social status, there are statistical significant differences in well-being in favor of married group, while there are no differences in religiosity, hope and stigma due to social status. About the effect of income level in the study variables, the results showed that there are no differences due to income level in religiosity, hope, stigma and well-being. Moreover, the findings found that both religiosity and hope play an mediating role in the relationship between the latent variables stigma and psychological well-being.Conclusions: Religiosity and hope play a mediating role in the relationship between stigma associated with COVID-19 and psychological well-being. These results indicate a number of potential strategies to reduce the negative effects of the stigma associated with COVID-19 and to increase the level of psychological well-being among COVID-19 patients.

COVID-19-related Stigma Among the Affected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study From Kerala, India

“…This result differed from one study of North India, which found the highest stigma among the 46 to 60 years age group, while other studies reported no significant association of stigma with age. 15,32,33 But a study conducted among the general population had found more stigma among the younger persons. 34 Patients belonging to the below poverty line category had significantly higher worry about rejoining society after the isolation period than the above poverty line group.…”

“…This result differed from one study of North India, which found the highest stigma among the 46 to 60 years age group, while other studies reported no significant association of stigma with age. 15 , 32 , 33 But a study conducted among the general population had found more stigma among the younger persons. 34 …”

“… 15 A study from Saudi Arabia also did not find any association between stigma and the educational or social status. 32 Illness and the isolation period lead to significant difficulty for the daily-wage workgroup and the self-employed group to make an earning. COVID-19-affected self-employed people were found to have a high stigma in a previous study from India.…”

Stigma in the Context of COVID-19 Crisis

“…In addition, most of them use avoidance coping including behavioral disengagement, for example, by giving up trying to deal with illness or giving up attempting to cope, self-blame by criticizing themselves and blaming themselves for things that happen, denial by refusing to believe that it has happened, and distraction, for example, by doing something to think about it less (Adiukwu et al, 2020). The result of the self-stigmatization is that it disrupts the patients' understanding of reality, distorts their way of thinking, and leads to incompetence in carrying out the family and social roles (Al Eid et al, 2021; Zolnikov & Furio, 2020).…”

“…Coronavirus disease is a pandemic in the globe that was first identified in Wuhan in China in December 2019 (Aungsuroch et al, 2020; Li, Twersky et al, 2020). This respiratory tract infection disease, affecting 210 countries around the world, had not been previously identified in humans (Al Eid et al, 2021; Duy et al, 2020). The disease rapidly spread through the globe, affecting millions of people, and millions died across nearly 210 countries (Abdelhafiz & Alorabi, 2020; World Health Organization [WHO], 2020).…”