The Melatonin Derivative ITH13001 Prevents Hypertension and Cardiovascular Alterations in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice

Abstract

BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide Ccl2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 Cd3: cluster of differentiation 3 CSA: cross-sectional area DAF-2: 4,5-diaminofluorescein dAUC: differences of areas under the concentration-response curves DEA-NO: diethylamine NONOate DHE: dihydroethidium DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide FBS: fetal bovine serum GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HO-1: heme oxygenase 1 IEL: internal elastic lamina IL: interleukin iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase ITH13001: (3-(2-acetamidoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)acrylate KHS: Kebs-Henseleit solution L-NAME: N-Nitro-L-arginine methylester MDA: malondialdehyde ML171: 2-acetylphenothiazine MOVAS: mouse vascular aortic smooth muscle cells MRA: mesenteric resistance arteries MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NFB: nuclear factor kappa B NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain-containing protein 3

Effect of Melatonin on Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication

“…In turn, melatonin, one of the most potent antioxidant, was able to regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in HSV-1 infected Vero cells decreasing SOD levels and increasing CAT levels to recover the antioxidant equilibrium. In fact, treatment with melatonin, which is much more multifunctional against oxidative stress than total AAT, having demonstrated its potency as a direct antioxidant [25] and its ability to induce transcription of antioxidant enzymes [26], made the latter unnecessary, so that the increase in AAT observed in the viral infection was significantly reduced when the infected cells were treated with melatonin. Since, as we indicated, viruses require the cellular machinery for the synthesis of their own viral proteins, the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to an unexpected increase in misfolded proteins [27].…”

Effect of Melatonin on Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication

“…In turn, melatonin, one of the most potent antioxidants, was able to regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in HSV-1-infected Vero cells, decreasing SOD levels and increasing CAT levels to recover the antioxidant equilibrium. In fact, treatment with melatonin, which is much more multifunctional against oxidative stress than total TAA, having demonstrated its potency as a direct antioxidant [25] and its ability to induce the transcription of antioxidant enzymes [26], made the latter unnecessary, so that the increase in TAA observed in the viral infection was significantly reduced when the infected cells were treated with melatonin. Since, as we indicated, viruses require cellular machinery for the synthesis of their own viral proteins, the subsequent endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to an unexpected increase in misfolded proteins [27].…”