The Membranous Coverings of Neural Tissues

Waggener, John D.; Beggs, John L.

doi:10.1097/00005072-196707000-00005

Cited by 142 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…3, 4; see also Fig. 9), a prominent Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, microtubules, filaments/tonofilaments (many in association with desmosomes), and, infrequently, lipid droplets, lyosomes, and some small vesicles (Andres, 1967;Klika, 1967;Waggener and Beggs, 1967;Akashi, 1972;Rascol and Izard, 1976;Schachenmayr and Friede, 1978;McLone, 1980;Oda and Nakanishi, 1984;Yamashima and Friede, 1984;Alcolado et al, 1988;Orlin et al, 1991). The nuclei of these cells (Fig.…”

Section: Arachoid Barrier Cell Layer and The Arachnoid Trabeculaementioning

confidence: 89%

On the question of a subdural space

1991

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The structure of the meninges, with particular attention to the architecture of the inner portions of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, has been reviewed in reference to the probable existence of a "subdural" space. The dura is composed of fibroblasts and large amounts of extracellular collagen. The innermost part of the dura is formed by the dural border cell layer. This layer is characterized by flattened cells with sinuous processes, extracellular spaces containing an amorphous material, and the presence of junctions between its cells. The dural border cell layer is continuous with the inner (meningeal) portions of the dura and may be attached to the underlying arachnoid by an occasional cell junction. The arachnoid consists of an outer part, the arachnoid barrier cell layer, and an inner portion, the arachnoid trabeculae which bridge the subarachnoid space. Arachnoid barrier cells are electron-lucent, closely apposed to each other, and joined by many cell junctions; in this layer there is little extracellular space and essentially no intercellular material. Arachnoid trabecular cells cross the subarachnoid space in a random manner, have extracellular collagen associated with their flattened processes, and form structures of variable shapes and sizes. There is no evidence of an intervening space between the arachnoid barrier cell layer and the dural border cell layer that would correlate with what has been called the subdural space. When a tissue space is created in this general area of the meninges it is the result of tissue damage and represents, in most instances, a cleaving open of the dural border cell layer. In this situation, extracellular spaces in the dural border cell layer are enlarged, cell junctions are separated, and it is probable that cell membranes are damaged. A survey of reports describing the morphology of the inner and outer capsule of so-called subdural hematomas in humans reveals that dural border cells are found in both parts of the capsule. Also, experimental infusion of blood into this portion of the meninges in animals frequently dissects open the dural border cell layer. These data support the view that what has been called a subdural hematoma is most frequently a lesion found within the layer formed by dural border cells. It is suggested that the so-called subdural space is not a "potential" space since the creation of a cleft in this area of the meninges is the result of tissue damage. In this respect it shares no similarities with legitimate potential spaces (i.e., serous cavities) found at other locations in the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Section: Arachoid Barrier Cell Layer and The Arachnoid Trabeculaementioning

confidence: 89%

On the question of a subdural space

1991

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“…Indeed they transform from flat overlapping cells into fusiform or roundish cells provided with microvil lous-like processes. Several studies have demonstrated that the leptomeningeal sheath is composed of fibrocytelike cells [13][14][15] possessing a variable degree of reactiv ity and macrophagic activity against foreign materials and noxious stimuli [15,16]. In our case the changes in the leptomeninx may simply represent an early reaction of macrophage-like leptomeningeal cells to blood extrav asation in the overlying dura mater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Transcranial Unifocal Stimulation in Rabbit: Subcutaneous and Meningeal Changes

Sancesario¹,

Massa

Petrillo

et al. 1989

Eur Neurol

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The possible acute morphological changes induced by electrical transcranial unifocal stimulation (eTCS) in the rabbit extracerebral tissues were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. In order to do this, a wide range of electric stimuli with respect to those employed in the clinical practice were utilized. Either surface electrodes were attached to the scalp, or needle electrodes were infixed in the subcutaneous tissue. Beneath the cathode a blood extravasation was constantly observed in the subcutaneous tissue of the scalp; the different electrode arrays produced either a large hemorrhagic lesion or a few petechiae. Beneath the anode, the damage was limited to the scalp, or reached the meninges when stimuli longer than 0.2 ms were used. Irrespective of the electrode arrays, the scalp and the dura mater displayed hemorrhagic petechiae over a limited area about 2–3 mm in extent. Moreover, the leptomeningeal membrane was microscopically disrupted over an area less than 1 mm large; therein the squamous, overlapping cells were transformed into fusiform or macrophage-like cells. Unduly intense eTCS produces evident hemorrhagic lesions in the scalp and in the dura mater, whereas it induces microscopic, reactive changes in the leptomeninx.

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“…1970;Nabeshima et al. 1975;Pease and Schultz, 1958;Shabo and Maxwell, 1971; Waggener and Beggs, 1967]. The significant differ ence is the common leptomeningeal sheath referred to above.…”

Section: Ultrastructural Observationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Peculiar Arteriovenous Leptomeningeal Complex in the Guinea Pig

Azzarelli¹,

Muller²,

Maguire³

et al. 1985

Cells Tissues Organs

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In most areas of the body, arteries and veins run close together, often sharing a common connective tissue sheath. One exception to this is observed in the brain, where arteries come in from the base and veins collect over the convexity. Classically the larger blood vessels are formed by three coats: intima, media, and adventitia. Leptomeningeal vessels are further reinforced by a monolayer of pial cells. In the guinea pig, however, above the corpus callosum we found a group of blood vessels (an artery and several veins) enclosed in a common leptomeningeal sheath. The artery arises at the confluence of the anterior cerebral arteries; the veins drain into the straight sinus. The epithelial nature of the sheath is evident by the close apposition of cell membranes, the presence of junctional devices, and the existence of a basal lamina. The ultrastructural features of this epithelium are similar to those of the arachnoid-dural membrane. Whether this peculiar vascular complex has any specific function needs to be investigated further.The presence of these vessels apparently ‘isolated’ within a leptomeningeal subcompartment may provide a suitable model to study vascular-extravascular-cerebrospinal fluid substance exchange.

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The Membranous Coverings of Neural Tissues

Cited by 142 publications

References 0 publications

On the question of a subdural space

On the question of a subdural space

Transcranial Unifocal Stimulation in Rabbit: Subcutaneous and Meningeal Changes

A Peculiar Arteriovenous Leptomeningeal Complex in the Guinea Pig

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