ANXIETY DISORDERS AMONG STUTTERING CHILDREN 2
Highlightsï· Stuttering is a speech disorder that hampers communication in social situations ï· Roughly 22-60% of adults who stutter meet criteria for social anxiety disorder ï· No studies have evaluated the rate of anxiety disorders among stuttering children ï· Stuttering children demonstrated a significantly higher rate of anxiety disorders ï· Of note, 24% of stuttering children met criteria for social anxiety disorder
AbstractPurpose: Stuttering during adulthood is associated with a heightened rate of anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder. Given the early onset of both anxiety and stuttering, this comorbidity could be present among stuttering children.Method: Participants were 75 stuttering children 7-12 years and 150 matched non-stuttering control children. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for anxiety disorders, and two-sample t-tests compared scores on measures of anxiety and psycho-social difficulties.Results: Compared to non-stuttering controls, the stuttering group had six-fold increased odds for social anxiety disorder, seven-fold increased odds for subclinical generalized anxiety disorder, and four-fold increased odds for any anxiety disorder.
Conclusion:These results show that, as is the case during adulthood, stuttering during childhood is associated with a significantly heightened rate of anxiety disorders. Future research is needed to determine the impact of those disorders on speech treatment outcomes.Keywords: Anxiety disorders; Social anxiety disorder; Diagnosis; Stuttering.ANXIETY DISORDERS AMONG STUTTERING CHILDREN 3
Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutterFor some children who stutter, the negative social consequences of stuttering can begin as early as the preschool years, and continue across the lifespan. Non-stuttering preschool children have been found to negatively evaluate stuttering (Ezrati-Vinacour, Platzky, & Yairi, 2001) and may sometimes ignore, interrupt, mock, and walk away from stuttering children (Langevin, Packman, & Onslow, 2009). The communication difficulties and negative consequences of stuttering experienced by some children who stutter typically intensify during the school years, due to the increased importance of communication in social and classroom settings. Stuttering children have been rated as less popular, less likely to be considered leaders, and more likely to be considered bully victims, than their non-stuttering peers (Davis, Howell, & Cooke, 2002).Several studies have also confirmed that stuttering adolescents report a significantly higher rate of bullying than non-stuttering controls (Blood & Blood, 2004, 2007 Blood et al., 2011).Although negative consequences to stuttering may not occur for all children who stutter, these experiences have the capacity to adversely impact communication competence, selfesteem, social development, and even romantic attractiveness (Blood et al., 2011; Erickson & Block, 2013;Van Borsel, Brepoels, & De C...