The Mercerisation of Cellulose. I. A Thermodynamic Discussion.

Rånby, Bengt; Hadler, Eva; Åkerström, Å.; Finsnes, Ernst; Sörensen, Jörgine Stene; Sørensen, Nils Andreas

doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.06-0101

Cited by 50 publications

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“…Previous studies have led to the conclusion that cellulose II is the more thermodynamically stable allomorph (3). Until now, no in vitro or abiogenic process has been reported that produces cellulose I, either by recrystallization or by polymerization.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Normally, cellulose II is formed from cellulose I through chemical treatments that alter the crystal structure (e.g., mercerization) (3, 4). The cellulose II allomorph also is produced by a few organisms in nature (3,5,6). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extended chain conformation of cellulose I allows the formation of microfibrils having extraordinary mechanical strength. Normally, cellulose II is formed from cellulose I through chemical treatments that alter the crystal structure (e.g., mercerization) (3,4). The cellulose II allomorph also is produced by a few organisms in nature (3,5,6).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Cellulose synthesis in vitro from uridine diphosphate glucose always results in the formation of cellulose 1(8-10). Therefore it has been argued that living organisms which synthesize cellulose I must control glucan chain crystallization in a manner not duplicated under acellular conditions (3,4,11,12).…”

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Assembly of synthetic cellulose I.

Lee

Brown

Kuga

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

117

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Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls and is the most abundant macromolecule on earth. The two major allomorphs ofthis biopolymer are cellulose I and cellulose II. Cellulose I, the dominant form in nature (1), consists of a microfibrillar crystalline array of linear P-1,4-glucan chains, all ofwhich are oriented parallel to one another with the same polarity (2). The extended chain conformation of cellulose I allows the formation of microfibrils having extraordinary mechanical strength. Normally, cellulose II is formed from cellulose I through chemical treatments that alter the crystal structure (e.g., mercerization) (3, 4). The cellulose II allomorph also is produced by a few organisms in nature (3,5,6).

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confidence: 99%

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Assembly of synthetic cellulose I.

Lee

Brown

Kuga

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

117

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“…Proposed mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis have historically been intimately related to the contemporary understanding of the physical structure of cellulose (Ranby 1952). It is evident that any proposed mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis must be consistent with the ultimate physical properties of macromolecules.…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Cellulose I Microfibrilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of structure formation of microbial cellulose during nascent stage

Mondal

2013

Cellulose

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The structure of microbial cellulose (MC) produced by Acetobacter xylinum was studied in presence of Fluorescent Brightener, Direct Blue 1, 14, 15, 53, Direct Red 28, 75 and 79, as probe. X-ray diffraction pattern of the product showed that it was a crystalline complex of dye and cellulose. The product has the structure in which the monomolecular layer of the dye molecule is included between the cellulose sheets corresponding to the (1 " 10) planes of microbial cellulose. As a result of dye inclusion, d-spacing of lower angle plane (100) of products becomes 8.0-8.8 Å instead of 6.1 Å of MC. The d-spacing for the higher angle plane must be (010) plane due to stronger van der Waals forces between the pyranose rings which reduced 5.3 Å space of (110) plane of MC to 3.9-4.5 Å in the product. However, cellulose regenerated from FB, DR28 products was cellulose I and IV, respectively, and that from each DB1, 14, 15, 53, DR75 and 79 products was cellulose II. Solid state 13 C NMR and deuteration-IR showed the product was non-crystalline which was contrasted to X-ray results. The regenerated celluloses were cellulose I b , IV I and II, respectively. Thus the structure of the product depends on the characteristics of dye which affects the conformation of cellulose at the nascent stage by the direct interaction with cellulose chains. The different regenerated celluloses as well as different fine structure in the same cellulose allomorph were produced depending mainly on number and position of the sulfonate groups in the dye.

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Cellulose

French

Bertoniere

Brown

et al. 2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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This article covers nomenclature, sources, preparation, uses, microcrystalline cellulose, structural chemistry, reactions, solvents, and liquid crystals. Cellulose for commercial purposes comes mostly from wood and cotton, whereas cellulose for research comes from bacteria, algae, and ramie (also a textile fiber). Preparation includes pulping and purification, with an alternative method of steam explosion. The pore structure of cellulose is mentioned, along with the buildup of cellulose molecules into entire fibers. Emphasis is given to cellulose crystal structure. Recent research has provided structures with much better resolution for two crystal forms. Most native cellulose is a mixture of two crystalline phases. Cellulose solutions are important to the rayon and cellophane industries, and new solvents are of interest because they may lessen pollution and might permit commercial production of stronger cellulosic materials through the formation of liquid crystals. Figures include the chemical and physical structures of the molecule, including in solution, X‐ray diffraction patterns, the structure of a microfibril, and the unit cell structures of cellulose I–IV.

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The Mercerisation of Cellulose. I. A Thermodynamic Discussion.

Cited by 50 publications

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Assembly of synthetic cellulose I.

Assembly of synthetic cellulose I.

Mechanism of structure formation of microbial cellulose during nascent stage

Cellulose

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