The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the SIDS

Andrisani, Giovanni; Andrisani, Giorgia

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.005

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Besides, Lavezzi et al observed an association between tobacco use and decreased in the functional activity of trigeminal nucleus that can trigger sudden death in babies (108). On the other hand, SIDS may occur due to a lack of sufficient development and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses (insufficient glutamate signaling) in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and reticular formation of the brainstem (113). All these findings thus suggest the role of developmental defects (i.e., neuronal deficiency and immaturity) in the brainstem nuclei regulating cardiorespiratory and other autonomic function in infants who die of SIDS.…”

Section: Role Of Tcr In Sudden Infant Death Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – Role of Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review

et al. 2016

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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is an unexplained death in infants, which usually occurs during sleep. The cause of SIDS remains unknown and multifactorial. In this regard, the diving reflex (DR), a peripheral subtype of trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR), is also hypothesized as one of the possible mechanisms for this condition. The TCR is a well-established neurogenic reflex that manifests as bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility. The TCR shares many similarities with the DR, which is a significant physiological adaptation to withstand hypoxia during apnea in many animal species including humans in clinical manifestation and mechanism of action. The DR is characterized by breath holding (apnea), bradycardia, and vasoconstriction, leading to increase in blood pressure. Several studies have described congenital anomalies of autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of SIDS such as hypoplasia, delayed neuronal maturation, or decreased neuronal density of arcuate nucleus, hypoplasia, and neuronal immaturity of the hypoglossal nucleus. The abnormalities of autonomic nervous system in SIDS may explain the role of TCR in this syndrome involving sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. We reviewed the available literature to identify the role of TCR in the etiopathogenesis of SIDS and the pathways and cellular mechanism involved in it. This synthesis will help to update our knowledge and improve our understanding about this mysterious, yet common condition and will open the door for further research in this field.

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Section: Role Of Tcr In Sudden Infant Death Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – Role of Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review

et al. 2016

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“…Fourth, studies have revealed the presence of the same kind of lesions found in children who died from SIDS and test subjects that underwent bilateral lesion of Me5 fibres. 52…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teeth and central nervous system: what happens when you go to Sleep

Andrisani¹

2017

SMDIJ

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In this work we will outline some unknown aspects of the teeth functions, details of their innervations and its relationship with cognitive performance and what happens when the teeth are lost. We will address the relationship between teeth and sleep and will explain how the teeth activate the ascending reticular activator system (ARAS) nuclei and allow the cerebral cortex to respond to any environmental or physiological needs even when sleep is profound. This infers that teeth are an important structure not only for chewing or the smile but also for a better functioning of our central nervous system (CNS); and explaining this correlation, between teeth and brain, is the object this paper. It appears that without teeth there is a great loss of cognite functions. The tie between the mouth and the brain is the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5): a unique nerve formation as it contains the cell bodies of primary afferent sensory neurons; it is the only site of intra-neuraxial ganglion.

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“…During the first month of life, a newborn does not experience true NREM but instead exhibits a unique type of REM sleep. On or about the sixth month of life, decid-uous teeth emerge and the MTN becomes more effective [57]. Results from multiple studies document that pacifier use can reduce the risk of SIDS [58], and can also activate the MTN.…”

Section: Causes Of Sleep Apnea (Sa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep apnea pathophysiology

Andrisani

2023

Sleep Breath

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Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the pathophysiology underlying sleep apnea (SA). Background We consider several critical features of SA including the roles played by the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) that controls vegetative functions and electroencephalographic findings associated with both SA and normal sleep. We evaluate this knowledge together with our current understanding of the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) and mechanisms that contribute directly to normal and disordered sleep. MTN neurons express γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors which activate them (make chlorine come out of the cells) and that can be activated by GABA released from the hypothalamic preoptic area. Method We reviewed the published literature focused on sleep apnea (SA) reported in Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Results The MTN neurons respond to the hypothalamic GABA release by releasing glutamate that activates neurons in the ARAS. Based on these findings, we conclude that a dysfunctional MTN may be incapable of activating neurons in the ARAS, notably those in the parabrachial nucleus, and that this will ultimately lead to SA. Despite its name, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not caused by an airway obstruction that prevents breathing. Conclusions While obstruction may contribute to the overall pathology, the primary factor involved in this scenario is the lack of neurotransmitters.

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The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the SIDS

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – Role of Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – Role of Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review

Teeth and central nervous system: what happens when you go to Sleep

Sleep apnea pathophysiology

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