The Mesenchymal Cap of the Atrial Septum and Atrial and Atrioventricular Septation

Deepe, Ray; Fitzgerald, Emily A; Wolters, Renélyn; Drummond, Jenna; Guzman, Karen De; Hoff, Maurice J.B. van den; Wessels, Andy

doi:10.3390/jcdd7040050

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…Directly prior to the partitioning of the primordial atrium, the heart detaches from the dorsal mesocardium, and the cardiac jelly of the atria begins to retract so that the endocardium adheres to the myocardium, except at a small ridge of mesenchyme that crosses the atrial roof from the ventral part of the atrioventricular cushions to the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion [18]. This mesenchymal bridge, with a cap expressing the transcription factor Tbx3 at the leading edge, grows caudally towards the atrioventricular cushions to form the primary septum [19].…”

Section: Development Of Interatrial Septum and Foramen Ovalementioning

confidence: 99%

Patent Foramen Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults

Romano

Gallinoro

Mottola

et al. 2021

JCDD

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Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital atrial septal defect with an incidence of 15%–35% in the adult population. The development of the interatrial septum is a process that begins in the fourth gestational week and is completed only after birth. During intrauterine life, the foramen ovale allows the passage of highly oxygenated blood from the right to the left atrium and into the systemic arteries, thus bypassing the pulmonary circulation. In 75% of the general population, the foramen ovale closes after birth, and only an oval depression, called fossa ovalis, remains on the right side of the interatrial septum. Patent foramen ovale can be associated with various clinically important conditions, including migraine and stroke, or decompression illness in divers. The aim of this review is to summarize the PFO developmental and anatomical features and to discuss the clinical risks associated with this atrial septal defect in adults.

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Section: Development Of Interatrial Septum and Foramen Ovalementioning

confidence: 99%

Patent Foramen Ovale—A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults

Romano

Gallinoro

Mottola

et al. 2021

JCDD

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“…While, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data available to indicate that endMT in the lateral cushions is regulated by different mechanisms, the spatiotemporal difference in where and when they emerge remains to be resolved. Although not directly related to the development of the AV cushions and valves, it is worth noting that endMT is also responsible for the generation of mesenchymal cells that are found in the mesenchymal cap situated on the leading edge of the primary atrial septum [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Not much is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control endMT in this structure [ 31 ].…”

Section: The Atrioventricular Cushionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although not directly related to the development of the AV cushions and valves, it is worth noting that endMT is also responsible for the generation of mesenchymal cells that are found in the mesenchymal cap situated on the leading edge of the primary atrial septum [27][28][29][30][31]. Not much is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control endMT in this structure [31].…”

Section: The Atrioventricular Cushionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Epicardium in the Development of the Atrioventricular Valves and Its Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Myxomatous Valve Disease

Wolters

Deepe

Drummond

et al. 2021

JCDD

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This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Adriana “Adri” Gittenberger-de Groot and in appreciation of her work in the field of developmental cardiovascular biology and the legacy that she has left behind. During her impressive career, Dr. Gittenberger-de Groot studied many aspects of heart development, including aspects of cardiac valve formation and disease and the role of the epicardium in the formation of the heart. In this contribution, we review some of the work on the role of epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) in the development of the atrioventricular valves and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of myxomatous valve disease (MVD). We provide an overview of critical events in the development of the atrioventricular junction, discuss the role of the epicardium in these events, and illustrate how interfering with molecular mechanisms that are involved in the epicardial-dependent formation of the atrioventricular junction leads to a number of abnormalities. These abnormalities include defects of the AV valves that resemble those observed in humans that suffer from MVD. The studies demonstrate the importance of the epicardium for the proper formation and maturation of the AV valves and show that the possibility of epicardial-associated developmental defects should be taken into consideration when determining the genetic origin and pathogenesis of MVD.

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“…The SHF cells also contribute to the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex, giving rise to the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) (Snarr et al, 2007). The third component of the AV septal complex includes endocardial-derived mesenchymal cap that arises from the primary atrial septum and fuses with DMP to drive atrial and AV septation (Deepe et al, 2020). However, the origin and molecular mechanisms that govern mesenchymal cap formation are still under investigation.…”

Section: Cardiac Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%