“…In the 19th century, a portion of the city’s literate and liberal Protestants developed a keen interest in new metaphysical philosophies such as Swedenborgianism (Block, 1932), Transcendentalism (Pelikan, 1985), and spiritualism (Braude, 1989), and “new sciences” of mind and brain such as phrenology (A. A. Walsh, 1976) and mesmerism (Poyen, 1837; Schmit & Petit, 2014). Mind cure was a late century extension of these interests.…”