The Metabolic Syndrome: Are Rural Residents at Increased Risk?

Trivedi, Tushar; Liu, Jihong; Probst, Janice C.; Martin, Amy B.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2012.00422.x

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The high prevalence of MS in our study could be related with high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension due to changes of lifestyles and food intakes in China2627. In consistent with most of these previous studies2425, we found that the MS incidence was more common in female (45.0% and 23.7% in 2013 and 2007-2008, respectively) than in male (that is 39.8 and 17.5%) in rural areas of East China.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, our data is lower than that in rural Handan of China in 2006–2007 in which the prevalence of MS was 39.7% and 54.2% in men and women respectively24. The MS prevalence was increased rapidly and it was 42.6% in East China in 2013, which is comparable with some developed countries or areas, such as rural USA (39.9%) and urban USA (32.8%)25. The high prevalence of MS in our study could be related with high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension due to changes of lifestyles and food intakes in China2627.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among rural adults in Nantong, China

Xiao

Gao

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) varies worldwide due to genetic and environmental factors. A population-based cross-sectional study, with 37,582 participants recruited in Nantong, China in 2007-2008 (stage I) and 2013 (stage II). Socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, disease history and fasting blood sample were collected. The prevalence of MS was much higher in 2013 (42.6%) than that in 2007-2008 (21.6%), which was significantly higher in older people in both stages. Participants with two or more familial history of diseases were associated with a higher MS prevalence compared to those who didn’t have familial history of diseases. Total physical activity (PA) was associated with 24 and 19% decreased risk of MS in men and women. Occupational PA in moderate and vigorous intensity was associated with a 25%-45% decreased risk of MS. Female smokers who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day or over 25 years were associated with 96 and 74% increased MS risk, respectively. The highest quartile of rice wine consumption was associated with a lower risk of MS with OR of 0.63 in women, compared with female non-drinkers. These findings indicated that PA and rice wine are two protective factors in MS prevention in rural areas of East China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among rural adults in Nantong, China

Xiao

Gao

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…In addition, differences between urban and non-urban populations in the prevalence of the MetS were observed, with this condition being more frequent in non-urban areas. The data from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey also showed that non-urban dwelling was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS among adults in the United States [36]. This disparity, which was also found in other countries [37], may be explained by demographic and socio-economic factors [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Portugal: the PORMETS study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe PORMETS study was designed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its determinants in the overall and administrative regions of the Portuguese mainland.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a representative sample of non-institutionalized Portuguese adults selected from primary health care centres lists including 1695 men and 2309 women was conducted from February 2007 to July 2009. A structured questionnaire was administered, collecting information on personal medical history and socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and venous blood samples were obtained. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to three operational definitions. The prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated using binomial generalized linear regression, with the log link function.ResultsThe prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome in this sample of Portuguese adults were 36.5%, 49.6%, and 43.1%, using the Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation and Joint Interim Statement definitions, respectively. The most prevalent feature of metabolic syndrome in this sample was high blood pressure (64.3%) and the lowest was high fasting glucose (24.9%). After adjustment for age and gender, significant differences were observed for the 18 districts of the Portugal mainland. Additionally, metabolic syndrome was significantly more frequent in non-urban areas than in urban ones (p = 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in women (p˂0.001) and older participants (p˂0.001), as well as in those who reported being housewives (p = 0.010), retired (p = 0.046) or unemployed (p = 0.024).ConclusionsThis study showed that metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the Portuguese adult population. Regional differences in the prevalence of this syndrome were observed, and this condition was more common in non-urban areas and less favoured socio-economic categories.

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“…With the increasing obesity and sedentary lifestyle during the past decade [5-7], the prevalence of MS has been rising worldwide [8-10]. Although it’s well documented that the MS is highly prevalent in urban residents, some epidemiological studies suggest that the rural residents are associated with higher or comparative prevalence of MS among adults in the Unites States [11], Korea [12,13] and Thai [14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China: a population-based survey

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe ongoing rapid urbanization in China offers rural population opportunities not only for economic improvement but also for substantial health risks. Albeit some researches related to rural-urban difference of metabolic syndrome (MS), there lacks studies focusing on this point in undeveloped provinces in China.MethodsThe survey, as part of China National Diabetes and Metabolic disorders Study, was conducted in Shaanxi province from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 3,297 adults aged 20 years or older were included, of which 1,467 individuals were from urban areas, 839 from semi-urban areas, and 890 from rural areas. The MS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of MS was significant higher in rural residents than in urban counterparts (29.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.017), in particular among females (30.2% vs. 24.4%, P = 0.003). After adjusted for the listed risk factors, rural residents had a 27.6% increased risk of having MS than urban residents. With respect to MS components, the crude prevalence of raised fasting glucose and raised blood pressure was significantly greater in rural than in urban participants. However, no significant difference in the prevalence of MS was observed between semi-urban and urban participants.ConclusionsRural residents in Shaanxi province, northwest China, were at increased risk of MS, which could be partly explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle differences. In addition, the gap between urban and semi-urban areas seemed to be minimized in related to MS prevalence. Much more attention should be paid to and intervention strategies were needed to address the rural-urban disparities in China.

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The Metabolic Syndrome: Are Rural Residents at Increased Risk?

Abstract: Rural dwelling was associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in the Unites States, which can be attributed to the differences in demographic composition and obesity-related behavioral factors between urban and rural residents.

Cited by 63 publications

References 38 publications

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among rural adults in Nantong, China

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among rural adults in Nantong, China

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Portugal: the PORMETS study

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China: a population-based survey

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