The metabolic syndrome

Objective: Vitamin D insufficiency is known to be related to cardiometabolic disorders; however, the associations among serum Results: Vitamin D insufficiency, defined as 25(OH)D concentration ,50 nmol/l, was found in 75?3 % of Korean adolescents and was associated with an increased risk of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Waist circumference and BMI were the most closely correlated cardiometabolic components of metabolic syndrome according to serum 25(OH)D status, but no significant relationship was found between serum 25(OH)D concentration and insulin resistance or for the risks for high blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, reduced HDL-cholesterol or hypertriacylglycerolaemia, with or without adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusions: Low serum 25(OH)D concentration appears to be associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors and an increased risk of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

25-Hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency is associated with cardiometabolic risk in Korean adolescents: the 2008–2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

Nam

Kim

Cho

et al. 2012

“…Identification of risk factors in youngsters is crucial for the prevention and rapid detection of MetS (5) ; however, the associated early-life factors of MetS in children remain unclear and previous results are inconsistent. Some studies showed that urbanization, unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health disorders (6,7) . Furthermore, certain circumstances in utero and early childhood predispose a child to disorders such as obesity, dysglycaemia and MetS (8)(9)(10) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Wang

Zhu

Cai

et al. 2015

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 7-to 17-year-old children and adolescents in China and to examine the relationship between MetS and its associated early-life factors. Design: Data were collected using a standard parent/guardian questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Each participant underwent a complete anthropometric evaluation. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF; 2007) for children and adolescents. Setting: Guangzhou, a large city in South China, September 2013. Subjects: A total of 1770 children and adolescents were enrolled in the study, including 913 girls (51·6 %) and 857 boys (48·4 %). Results: The overall prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents was 1·1 % (n 19), which was higher in boys (1·4 %) than in girls (0·8 %). Multivariate analysis indicated that high birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity (OR = 2·86; 95 % CI 1·62, 5·06) and MetS (OR = 3·61; 95 % CI 1·33, 9·82). Furthermore, >6 months of maternal breast-feeding was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·98). Conclusion: Based on IDF criteria, the prevalence of MetS among southern Chinese children was significantly lower than that in other populations. High birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity and MetS, and breast-feeding for longer than 6 months was inversely associated with MetS in South China. Keywords Paediatric Metabolic syndrome Obesity NutritionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors defined by the co-occurrence of at least three of the following features: obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertriacylglycerolaemia and low level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (1) . The prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide. In 2014, Miller et al. reported that approximately 73·2 % of the participants in their study presented at least one feature, with an estimated MetS prevalence of 10·1 % among adolescents in the USA (2) . A study in 2012 showed that the prevalence of MetS in six cities in China was 27·6 % in obese participants and 0·2 % in normal-weight children (3) .Morrison et al. showed that MetS during childhood predicts adult MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25-30 years later (4) . This finding emphasizes the importance of early control of MetS during childhood as a strategy for primary prevention of CVD later in life. Identification of risk factors in youngsters is crucial for the prevention and rapid detection of MetS (5) ; however, the associated early-life factors of MetS in children remain unclear and previous results are inconsistent. Some studies showed that urbanization, unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health disorders (6,7) . Furthermore, certain circumstances in utero and early childhood predispose a child to disorders such as obesity, dysglycaemia and MetS (8)(9)(10) .

“…Central obesity is a key component of the metabolic syndrome (1) , which is associated with increased risks of CVD and diabetes (2)(3)(4) . Intra-abdominal visceral fat is particularly reactive to lipolytic stimuli and is believed to affect glucose homeostasis through its effect on circulating adiponectin levels (5) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Bradlee

Singer

Qureshi

et al. 2009

184

147

Objective: To explore mean food group intakes associated with central obesity anthropometry among children and adolescents enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Representative sampling of the US population (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002). Subjects: Subjects were 3761 children (5-11 years) and 1803 adolescents (12-16 years) with single 24 h dietary recalls and anthropometric measures of central body fat (waist circumference and sum of subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses). Results: Results were controlled for confounding by age, height, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage, television viewing and parental education. In younger children, there was no relationship between central adiposity and mean intakes of dairy, fruit, vegetables or grains, while a positive association with meat intake was found among boys. In adolescent boys and girls, central body fat measures were inversely associated with mean dairy and grain intakes. Adolescent boys in the highest quartile of central adiposity consumed less fruit and fewer vegetables; those in the lowest central adiposity quartile consumed less meat. Finally, adolescents who met the criteria for central obesity (waist circumference $85th percentile for age and sex) reported consuming significantly less total dairy (as well as milk and cheese separately), total grains (whole and refined) and total fruit and vegetables. There was no association with meat consumption. To test the stability of these findings, the final analysis was replicated in 2541 same-aged adolescents from NHANES 1999-2002; the results were very similar. Conclusions: These cross-sectional analyses suggest that intakes of dairy, grains and total fruits and vegetables are inversely associated with central obesity among adolescents.