The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular events in subjects with normal fasting glucose: Results of a 15 years follow-up in a Mediterranean population

Noto, Davide; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Cefalù, Angelo Baldassare; Falletta, A; Sapienza, M.; Cavera, G.; Amato, Salvatore; Pagano, Michele; Maggiore, M; Carroccio, Antonio; Notarbartoló, A; Averna, Maurizio

doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.005

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For example, in the 1351 subjects enrolled in the "Ventimiglia di Sicilia" epidemiological project, the metabolic syndrome was associated with a nearly 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events but not stroke. 489 As in many studies, this lack of relationship may be attributable to sample size and a small number of stroke events.…”

Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 98%

Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

Goldstein¹,

Bushnell²,

Adams³

et al. 2011

Stroke

1,300

577

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Background and Purpose-This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on established and emerging risk factors for stroke to provide evidence-based recommendations for the reduction of risk of a first stroke. Methods-Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of their previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association (AHA) Stroke Council Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the AHA Manuscript Oversight Committee. The writing group used systematic literature reviews (covering the time since the last review was published in 2006 up to April 2009), reference to previously published guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate recommendations using standard AHA criteria (Tables 1 and 2). All members of the writing group had the opportunity to comment on the recommendations and approved the final version of this document. The guideline underwent extensive peer review by the Stroke Council leadership and the AHA scientific statements oversight committees before consideration and approval by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Results-Schemes for assessing a person's risk of a first stroke were evaluated. Risk factors or risk markers for a first stroke were classified according to potential for modification (nonmodifiable, modifiable, or potentially modifiable) and strength of evidence (well documented or less well documented). Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, sex, low birth weight, race/ethnicity, and genetic predisposition. Well-documented and modifiable risk factors include hypertension, exposure to cigarette smoke, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and certain other cardiac conditions, dyslipidemia, carotid artery stenosis, sickle cell disease, postmenopausal hormone therapy, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity and body fat

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Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 98%

Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

Goldstein¹,

Bushnell²,

Adams³

et al. 2011

Stroke

1,300

577

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“…This population is characterized by a high prevalence metabolic syndrome able to predict future CV events with a 15-year hazard ratio of about 1.9 [6]. In the present study, two custom algorithms based on 20-year T2DM incidence data have been built and compared with the concise Finnish Diabetes Score algorithm (FINDRISC) and the simple clinical model obtained from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) as reference algorithms [13,14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The characteristics of the study population are described in previous publications [4][5][6]. At the beginning of the study, in 1989, the project included 1,351 subjects (622 men, 729 women) from a resident population of 1,796 subjects.…”

Section: Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of this protective effect, CV disease is still the first cause of mortality in this geographic area, and obesity, due to the progressive adaptation to less healthier western lifestyle habits, has been demonstrated to increase the risk of CV events [4]. Different epidemiological studies have pointed out that type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the major determinants of CV morbidity and mortality in this geographic area [5,6]. The progression from the impairment of glucose tolerance to the clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) takes many years, and the natural course of the disease can be slowed or even prevented by lifestyle measures and drug therapy in subjects at high risk of T2DM [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prediction of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus based on a twenty-year follow-up of the Ventimiglia heart study

et al. 2011

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A novel algorithm to predict incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (iT2DM) is presented considering data from a 20-year prospective study in a Southern Italy population. Eight hundred and fifty-eight out of 1,351 subjects (24-85 years range of age) were selected. Incident type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in 103 patients in a 20-year follow-up. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and the Framingham Offspring Study simple clinical model (FOS) have been used as reference algorithms. Two custom algorithms have been created using Cox parametric hazard models followed by PROBIT analyses: the first one (VHSRISK) includes all the study subjects and the second one (VHS95RISK) evaluates separately subjects with baseline fasting blood glucose (FBG) above/below 5.2 mmol/L (95 mg/dL). The 44 iT2DM cases below 5.2 mmol/L of baseline FBG were predicted by high LDL cholesterol, metabolic syndrome (ATPIII criteria), BMI > 30 kg/m(2), and high factor VII activity. The 59 cases above the FBG threshold were predicted by FBG classes, hypertension, and age. ROC areas for iT2DM prediction were: FINDRISC = 0.759, FOS = 0.762, VHSRISK = 0.789, and VHS95RISK = 0.803. In a Mediterranean population, the use of a custom generated algorithm evaluating separately low/high FBG subjects improves the prediction of iT2DM in subjects classified at lower risk by common estimation algorithms.

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“…Abdominal obesity [71,76,77], insulin resistance [6,78], along with physical inactivity [71,79], aging [23], hormonal imbalance [80], and atherogenic diet (a diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol) can exacerbate the risk for developing MetS, and consequently CVD [1]. Relationship of MetS with sex, age, degree of obesity and socioeconomic status has also been confirmed [81,82]. A solitary factor cannot purport to development of the syndrome; therefore, interaction amongst various domains relating to it, holds colossal worth that needs to be evaluated with the help of longitudinal studies [24].…”

Section: Causes and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome in adults: relation with diet and other lifestyle factors

Kataria

Chadha

Pathak

2015

RHC

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Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors that has the potential of developing into cardiovascular disease or increase the susceptibility to it. It is present worldwide with now even developing countries getting overwhelmed by its burden. With a shift towards unhealthy diet coupled with sedentary lifestyle, development of metabolic syndrome is on the rise even among young adults. One of the main causes of this problem is faulty diet, so any means to reduce the incidence of the syndrome involves the modification of the existing diets rich in saturated fat, sodium and cholesterol. This review focusses on efficacy of different dietary patterns for combating the syndrome along with other lifestyle risk factors. It also highlights newer advancements in the field of Metabolic Syndrome, which can serve as potential strategies to combat it. Public health interventions targeting adults, therefore, should center on prevention through education, modification of diet and lifestyle, and focusing on environment, so that these changes are acceptable and sustainable.

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The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular events in subjects with normal fasting glucose: Results of a 15 years follow-up in a Mediterranean population

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

Prediction of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus based on a twenty-year follow-up of the Ventimiglia heart study

Metabolic syndrome in adults: relation with diet and other lifestyle factors

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